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a strong private chess engine <ref>[http://computer-chess.org/doku.php?id=computer_chess:wiki:lists:private_engine_list Private Engine List] from [[Ron Murawski|Ron Murawski's]] [http://computer-chess.org/doku.php?id=home Computer-Chess Wiki]</ref> by [[Omid Eli David]] and successor of OmidEli's earlier program [[Genesis IL|Genesis]]. Falcon participated at three [[World Computer Chess Championship|World Computer Chess Championships]], the [[WCCC 2003]] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graz Graz], the [[WCCC 2004]] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramat_Gan Ramat Gan], and the [[WCCC 2008]] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing Beijing] <ref>[https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/program.php?id=108 Falcon's ICGA Tournaments]</ref>, as well the [[CCT6]] on-line tournament. Book authors were [[Eros Riccio]] in 2004, and [[Erdogan Günes]] in 2008.

Falcon applies [[NegaScout]]/[[Principal Variation Search|PVS]] with [[Null Move Pruning|null move pruning]], [[Internal Iterative Deepening|internal iterative deepening]], [[Move Ordering|dynamic move ordering]] by [[History Heuristic|history]] and [[Killer Heuristic|killer heuristic]], [[Multi-Cut|multi-cut pruning]], [[Extensions|selective extensions]], [[Transposition Table|transposition table]], and [[Futility Pruning|futility pruning]] near [[Leaf Node|leaf nodes]] <ref>[[Eli David|Omid David]], [[Moshe Koppel]], [[Nathan S. Netanyahu]] ('''2010'''). ''Genetic Algorithms for Automatic Search Tuning''. [[ICGA Journal#33_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 33, No. 2]]</ref>, and [[Blockage Detection|blockade detection]] in [[Endgame|endgames]] <ref>[[Eli David|Omid David]], [[Ariel Felner]], [[Nathan S. Netanyahu]] ('''2004'''). ''Blockage Detection in Pawn Endgames''. [[ICGA Journal#27_3|ICGA Journal, Vol. 27, No. 3]]</ref>.

Omid Eli David has combined his secret efforts with scientific publications, since Falcon was test-bed and object in research of [[Null Move Pruning#ZugzwangVerification|verified null-move pruning]] <ref>[[Eli David|Omid David]], [[Nathan S. Netanyahu]] ('''2002'''). ''Verified null-move pruning.'' [[ICGA Journal#25_3|ICGA Journal, Vol. 25, No. 3]]</ref>, [[Null Move Reductions|extended null-move reductions]] <ref>[[Eli David|Omid David]], [[Nathan S. Netanyahu]] ('''2008'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-87608-3_19 Extended Null-Move Reductions]''. [[CG 2008]], [http://www.oedavid.com/pubs/nmr.pdf pdf]</ref>, and [[Genetic Programming#GeneticAlgorithm|Genetic Algorithms]] in [[Evaluation|evaluation]] <ref>[[Eli David|Omid David]], [[Moshe Koppel]], [[Nathan S. Netanyahu]] ('''2008'''). ''Genetic Algorithms for Mentor-Assisted Evaluation Function Optimization''. ACM Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference ([http://www.sigevo.org/gecco-2008/ GECCO '08])</ref> <ref>[[Eli David|Omid David]], [[Jaap van den Herik]], [[Moshe Koppel]], [[Nathan S. Netanyahu]] ('''2009'''). ''Simulating Human Grandmasters: Evolution and Coevolution of Evaluation Functions''. [[ACM]] Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference ([http://www.sigevo.org/gecco-2009/ GECCO '09])</ref> and [[Search|search]] [[Automated Tuning|tuning]] <ref>[[Eli David|Omid David]], [[Moshe Koppel]], [[Nathan S. Netanyahu]] ('''2010'''). ''Genetic Algorithms for Automatic Search Tuning''. [[ICGA Journal#33_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 33, No. 2]]</ref>, the latter on optimizing 18 search control parameters packed into a 70-bit [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome chromosome]. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_function fitness function] is the total [[Node|node]] count up to the solutions found, from the 879 most [[Tactics|tactical]] positions of the [[Test-Positions#ECM|Encyclopedia of Chess Middlegames]] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Krogius Nikolai Krogius], [http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/4451033.A_Livsic A. Livsic], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Parma Bruno Parma], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Taimanov Mark Taimanov] ('''1980'''). ''[http://www.amazon.com/Encyclopedia-Chess-Middlegames-Nikolai-Krogius/dp/B000UNPDTA Encyclopedia of Chess Middlegames]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Informant Chess Informant]</ref>, as already used by [[Yngvi Björnsson]] and [[Tony Marsland]] in ''Learning Control of Search Extensions'' <ref>[[Yngvi Björnsson]], [[Tony Marsland]] ('''2002'''). ''Learning Control of Search Extensions''. Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Information Sciences (JCIS 2002), pp. 446-449. [http://www.ru.is/faculty/yngvi/pdf/BjornssonM02.pdf pdf]</ref>, the lower the fitter. A [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_%28genetic_algorithm%29#One-point_crossover one-point crossover] uses the chromosomes of two [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parent parents], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection selected] based on fitness criterion <ref>[http://chaos4.phy.ohiou.edu/~thomas/complex/ga.html Genetic algorithms]</ref>, and creates two [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offspring offspring]. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation_%28genetic_algorithm%29 mutation] operator randomly flips some bits with low probability.

Falcon's GA procedure as pseudo code <ref>[[Eli David|Omid David]], [[Moshe Koppel]], [[Nathan S. Netanyahu]] ('''2010'''). ''Genetic Algorithms for Automatic Search Tuning''. [[ICGA Journal#33_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 33, No. 2]], 4.2 Generic Algorithms</ref>:

With a population size of 10, a crossover rate of 0.75, mutation rate of 0.05, and 50 generations, following search parameters were [[Learning|learned]] after 35 hours, as noted, not necessarily the best parameter set for every chess program <ref>[[Eli David|Omid David]], [[Moshe Koppel]], [[Nathan S. Netanyahu]] ('''2010'''). ''Genetic Algorithms for Automatic Search Tuning''. [[ICGA Journal#33_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 33, No. 2]], 5. Experimental Results</ref>:

* [[Eli David|Omid David]], [[Nathan S. Netanyahu]] ('''2002'''). ''Verified null-move pruning.'' [[ICGA Journal#25_3|ICGA Journal, Vol. 25, No. 3]]* [[Eli David|Omid David]], [[Ariel Felner]], [[Nathan S. Netanyahu]] ('''2004'''). ''Blockage Detection in Pawn Endgames''. [[ICGA Journal#27_3|ICGA Journal, Vol. 27, No. 3]]* [[Eli David|Omid David]], [[Nathan S. Netanyahu]] ('''2008'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-87608-3_19 Extended Null-Move Reductions]''. [[CG 2008]], [http://www.oedavid.com/pubs/nmr.pdf pdf]* [[Eli David|Omid David]], [[Moshe Koppel]], [[Nathan S. Netanyahu]] ('''2008'''). ''Genetic Algorithms for Mentor-Assisted Evaluation Function Optimization''. [http://www.sigevo.org/gecco-2008/ GECCO '08]* [[Eli David|Omid David]] ('''2009'''). ''Genetic Algorithms Based Learning for Evolving Intelligent Organisms''. Ph.D. Thesis* [[Eli David|Omid David]], [[Jaap van den Herik]], [[Moshe Koppel]], [[Nathan S. Netanyahu]] ('''2009'''). ''Simulating Human Grandmasters: Evolution and Coevolution of Evaluation Functions''.[http://www.sigevo.org/gecco-2009/ GECCO '09], [https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.06840 arXiv:1711.0684]* [[Eli David|Omid David]], [[Moshe Koppel]], [[Nathan S. Netanyahu]] ('''2010'''). ''[http://www.springerlink.com/content/3346t8432n718821 Expert-Driven Genetic Algorithms for Simulating Evaluation Functions]''.* [[Eli David|Omid David]], [[Nathan S. Netanyahu]], Yoav Rosenberg, Moshe Shimoni ('''2010'''). ''Genetic Algorithms for Automatic Classification of Moving Objects''. [http://www.sigevo.org/gecco-2010/ GECCO '10]* [[Eli David|Omid David]], [[Moshe Koppel]], [[Nathan S. Netanyahu]] ('''2010'''). ''Genetic Algorithms for Automatic Search Tuning''. [[ICGA Journal#33_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 33, No. 2]]* [[Eli David|Omid David]], [[Jaap van den Herik]], [[Moshe Koppel]], [[Nathan S. Netanyahu]] ('''2014'''). ''Genetic Algorithms for Evolving Computer Chess Programs''. [[IEEE#EC|IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation]], [http://www.genetic-programming.org/hc2014/David-Paper.pdf pdf] , [https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.08337 arXiv:1711.08337] <ref>[http://www.liacs.nl/nieuws/jaap-van-den-herik-wint-humies-award-2014/ Jaap van den Herik wint Humies Award 2014 - LIACS - Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science]</ref> <ref>[http://www.sigevo.org/gecco-2014/humies.html GECCO 2014]</ref>

* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=376363 Re: Are you planning to make an SMP version of Falcon?] by [[Eli David|Omid David]], [[CCC]], July 13, 2004