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# The first award of $5,000 was given to [[Ken Thompson]] and [[Joe Condon]] from [[Bell Laboratories]], who in 1981 developed the [[Belle|first chess machine]] to achieve master status.
# Seven years later, the intermediate prize of $10,000 for the first chess machine to reach international master status was awarded in 1989 to five Carnegie Mellon graduate students who built [[Deep Thought]], the precursor to [[Deep Blue]], at the university.
# The $100,000 third tier of the prize was awarded at [[Conferences#AAAI–97AAAI-97|AAAI–97AAAI-97]] to this IBM team, who built the first computer chess machine that beat a world chess champion.
=Teams honored at AAAI -97=
<ref>[http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/indices/a-tree/h/Hedberg:Sara_Reese.html Sara Hedberg] ('''1997'''). ''AAAI-97 Highlights - Developments in the AI Field''. [[AAAI#AIMAG|AI Magazine]], Vol. 18, No. 4, [http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/download/1328/1229 pdf]</ref>
* [[Mac Hack|Mac Hack 6]], developed by [[Richard Greenblatt]] at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], was the first computer program to play in a human chess tournament. It was the first program to play and win in a tournament game in 1967.
* The [[Northwestern University]] [[Chess (programProgram)|computer chess program]], developed by [[David Slate]] and [[Larry Atkin]] from the 1960s to the early 1980s, won several computer chess championships during the 1970s, including the [[WCCC 1977|computer world championship in 1977]].
* [[Belle]], developed by [[Ken Thompson]] and [[Joe Condon]] at [[Bell Laboratories|Bell Labs]], was the first chess program to obtain the United States Chess Federation Master title in 1983. It was awarded the first Fredkin Prize of $5,000 for this achievement.
* [[HitechHiTech]], developed at [[Carnegie Mellon University|Carnegie Mellon]] by [[Hans Berliner]], [[Carl Ebeling]], [[Murray Campbell]] and [[Gordon Goetsch]], was the first system to achieve a Senior Master’s level of performance in 1988.
* [[Deep Thought]], developed at Carnegie Mellon by [[Thomas Anantharaman]], [[Murray Campbell]], [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]], [[Andreas Nowatzyk]] and [[Mike Browne]], was the first system to play at the Grandmaster level. Deep Thought was awarded the $10,000 Fredkin Intermediate Prize for this achievement in 1989 <ref>[[Hans Berliner]] ('''1989'''). ''Deep Thought Wins Fredkin Intermediate Prize''. [[AAAI#AIMAG|AI Magazine]], Vol. 10, No. 2, [http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/viewFile/753/671 pdf]</ref>.
* [[Deep Blue]], a parallel supercomputer that processes an average of 200 million chess positions per second, is the first chess machine to draw and beat a world chess champion in a regulation game, and the first chess machine to beat the world champion in a regulation match.
=Selected Publications=
<ref>[http://www.digitalphilosophy.org/Home/Papers/tabid/61/Default.aspx Digital Philosophy - Documents]</ref> <ref>[http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/indices/a-tree/f/Fredkin:Edward.html DBLPdblp: Edward Fredkin]</ref>==1960 ...==
* [[Edward Fredkin]] ('''1960'''). ''[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=367390.367400 Trie Memory]''. [[ACM#Communications|Communications of the ACM]], Vol. 3, No. 9
* [[Edward Fredkin]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso_Toffoli Tommaso Toffoli] ('''1978'''). ''Design principles for achieving high-performance submicron digital technologies''. Proposal to DARPA, MIT Laboratory for Computer Science.
==1980 ...==
* [[Edward Fredkin]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso_Toffoli Tommaso Toffoli] ('''1982'''). ''Conservative logic''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Theoretical_Physics International Journal of Theoretical Physics], Vol. 21, on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredkin_gate Fredkin gate] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toffoli_Gate Toffoli gate], [http://web.archive.org/web/20061017232512/http://www.digitalphilosophy.org/download_documents/ConservativeLogic.pdf pdf]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wright_%28journalist%29 Robert Wright] ('''1989'''). ''Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information''. HarperCollins, ISBN 0-06-097257-2, [http://www.amazon.com/Three-Scientists-Their-Gods-Information/dp/0060972572 amazon.com], profiles of Edward Fredkin, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._O._Wilson Edward O. Wilson], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding Kenneth Boulding]
* [[Edward Fredkin]] ('''1992'''). ''[http://www.digitalphilosophy.org/Home/Papers/ANewCosmogony/tabid/107/Default.aspx A New Cosmogony]''. Department of Physics, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University Boston University]
* [[Edward Fredkin]] ('''1992'''). ''[http://www.digitalphilosophy.org/Home/Papers/FiniteNature/tabid/106/Default.aspx Finite Nature]''. Department of Physics, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University Boston University]
==2000 ...==
* [[Edward Fredkin]] ('''2000'''). ''[http://www.digitalphilosophy.org/Home/Papers/OntheSoul/tabid/105/Default.aspx On the Soul]''. (2000 Draft)
* [[Edward Fredkin]] ('''2004'''). ''Five big questions with pretty simple answers''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Journal_of_Research_and_Development IBM Journal of Research and Development], Vol. 48, No. 1
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_McCorduck Pamela McCorduck] ('''2004'''). ''[[Artificial Intelligence#MachinesWhoThink|Machines Who Think: A Personal Inquiry into the History and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence]]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_K_Peters A. K. Peters] (25th anniversary edition)
* [[Edward Fredkin]] ('''2005'''). ''A computing architecture for physics''. [http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1062261 2nd Conference on Computing Frontiers]
* [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/indices/a-tree/m/Miller:Daniel_B=.html Daniel B. Miller], [[Edward Fredkin]] ('''2005'''). ''Two-state, Reversible, Universal Cellular Automata in Three Dimensions''. [http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1062261 2nd Conference on Computing Frontiers]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Fredkin Edward Fredkin from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredkin_Finite_Nature_Hypothesis Fredkin finite nature hypothesis from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.computerhistory.org/events/bio/Edward,Fredkin Edward Fredkin] [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [http://www.theuniversesolved.com/bio-ed-fredkin.htm Edward Fredkin Biography]
* [https://www.linkedin.com/in/edward-fredkin-15a3b636/ Edward Fredkin | LinkedIn]
* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=5QMmygwAAAAJ&hl=en Edward Fredkin - Google Scholar Citations]
* [https://twitter.com/edfredkin?lang=en Edward Fredkin (@edfredkin) | Twitter]
* [http://www.bottomlayer.com/bottom/physlink.html Links & Resources in Philosophy & Physics]
* [http://www.digitalphilosophy.org/ Digital Philosophy.org > Home]
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