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Michie began his first experiments in [[Learning|machine learning]] in 1960. His [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tic-tac-toe tic-tac-toe] machine [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matchbox_Educable_Noughts_and_Crosses_Engine MENACE ] (Machine Educable Noughts And Crosses Engine) demonstrated the basic principle of a [[Reinforcement Learning|self-reinforcing learning]] mechanism. MENACE employed Michie's conceptually simple general-purpose learning algorithm BOXES <ref>[[Donald Michie]] ('''1961'''). ''Trial and Error''. Penguin Science Survey</ref> <ref> [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1969, 1991'''). ''The Unexpected Hanging and Other Mathematical Diversions''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster Simon & Schuster], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press University Of Chicago Press], Chapter 8: A Matchbox Game-Learning Machine</ref> <ref>[[Donald Michie]], Roger A. Chambers ('''1968'''). ''Boxes: An experiment on adaptive control''. In E. Dale and D. Michie, editors, [http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/%7Eshm/MI/mi2.html Machine Intelligence 2], Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, pp. 137-152</ref> <ref>[[Alex Bell]] ('''1972'''). ''[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/books/gamesplaying/overview.htm Games Playing with Computers]''. ''[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/books/gamesplaying/p001.htm 1.3 NOUGHTS AND CROSSES]'', [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin Allen & Unwin]</ref> <ref>[http://www.it.uu.se/edu/course/homepage/ai/menace UU/IT/AI exercise: Implementing MENACE], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_University Uppsala University]</ref> which could also discover robust control strategies for the pole balancing problem <ref>[http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/%7Efinton/poledriver.html Controller-less Driver For the Cart-Pole Problem]</ref> <ref>[http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/%7Efinton/qcontroller.html Q-Learning Controller for the Cart-Pole Problem]</ref> , but was soon employed industrially to evolve strategies for automatic control, such as controlling a steel mill <ref>[http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/%7Edm/dmcv.html D. Michie CV]</ref>.

Self build [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matchbox_Educable_Noughts_and_Crosses_Engine MENACE ] by James Bridle <ref>[http://shorttermmemoryloss.com/menace/ A New Theory of Awesomeness and Miracles] by [http://shorttermmemoryloss.com/ James Bridle]</ref><br/>

Besides AI work aimed at tournament play, particular aspects of the game have illuminated the intellectual mechanisms involved. [[Barbara Liskov]] demonstrated that what chess books teach about how to win certain [[Endgame|endgames]] is not a program but more like a predicate comparing two positions to see if one is an improvement on the other. Such qualitative comparisons are an important feature of human intelligence and are needed for AI. [[Donald Michie]], [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Alen Shapiro]], [[David Wilkins]], and others have also used chess as a Drosophila to study intelligence. [[Monroe Newborn|Newborn]] ignores this work, because it is not oriented to tournament play.

<ref>[http://ticc.uvt.nl/icga/journal/docs/References.pdf [ICGA Journal#RefDB|ICGA Reference Database] (pdf)]</ref> <ref>[http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/~dm/dmpubs.html D. Michie publications]</ref>

* [[Jim Doran]], [[Donald Michie]] ('''1966'''). ''[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspa.1966.0205 Experiments with the Graph Traverser Program.]'' Proc. Roy[https://en. Socwikipedia. (org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society Proceedings of the Royal Society], Series A), Vol. 294, ppNo. 1437, [https://stacks.stanford. 235-259edu/file/druid:yf330xx7624/yf330xx7624.pdf pdf]

 * [[Jean Hayes Michie]], [[Donald Michie]] ('''1998'''). ''Simulator-Mediated Acquisition of a Dynamic Control Skill''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/journals/ais/ais12.html#MichieM98 AI & Sociaty Society, Vol. 12 No. 1]==2000 ...==* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_McCorduck Pamela McCorduck] ('''2004'''). ''[[Artificial Intelligence#MachinesWhoThink|Machines Who Think: A Personal Inquiry into the History and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence]]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_K_Peters A. K. Peters] (25th anniversary edition)