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'''Deep Thought''',<br/>
was a computer chess machine built at [[Carnegie Mellon University]] in the 1980's, the predecessor to [[Deep Blue]]. The project was initially started 1985 as [[ChiptestChipTest]] by the computer science doctoral students [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]] and [[Thomas Anantharaman]]. [[Murray Campbell]], former co-developer of [[HiTech]], joined the ChipTest team a few month later - followed by [[Andreas Nowatzyk]], [[Mike Browne]] and [[Peter Jansen]]. The program was named Deep Thought after the fictional computer of the same name <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy from Wikipeadia]</ref> .
=Photos=
=Achievements=
* In [[Timeline#1988|1988]] Deep Thought and Grandmaster [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Miles Tony Miles] shared first place in the Software Toolworks Open in Los Angeles. Deep Thought had a 2745 performance rating, and moved its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Chess_Federation U.S. Chess Federation] (USCF) rating up to 2551, and qualified for the $10,000 [[Edward Fredkin#Prize|Fredkin Intermediate Prize]] as the first computer to achieve a USCF performance rating of 2500 over a set of 25 contiguous games in human tournaments <ref>[[Hans Berliner]] ('''1989'''). ''Deep Thought Wins Fredkin Intermediate Prize''. AI Magazine Volume , Vol. 10 Number , No. 2, [http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/viewFile/753/671 pdf]</ref>
* In 1988 Deep Thought won the [[ACM 1988|ACM championship in Orlando]]
* In [[Timeline#1989|1989]] Deep Thought won the [[WCCC 1989|6th World Computer Chess Championship in Edmonton]], with a perfect 5-0 score
* In [[Timeline#1990|1990]] Deep Thought won the [[ACM 1990|ACM championship in New York City]]
* In [[Timeline#1991|1991]] Deep Thought II won the [[ACM 1991|ACM championship in Albuquerque]]
* In [[Timeline#1994|1994]] Deep Thought II won the [[ACM 1994|ACM championship in Cape May]]
=Hardware=
=See also=
* [[ChiptestChipTest]]
* [[Deep Blue]]
* [[Deep Blue#DowntheRabbitHole|Deep Blue | Down the Rabbit Hole Video]]
* [[Eval Tuning in Deep Thought]]
* [[Kasparov versus Deep Thought 1989]]
* [[Levy versus Deep Thought 1989]]
=Publications=
* [[Thomas Anantharaman]], [[Murray Campbell]], [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]] ('''1988'''). ''Singular extensions: Adding Selectivity to Brute-Force Searching''. [[AAAI ]] Spring Symposium, Computer Game Playing, pp. 8-13. Also published also in [[ICGA Journal#11_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 11, No. 4]], republished and ('''1990''') in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 43, No. 1* [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]] ('''1988'''). ''The Software Toolworks Open Championship''. [[ICGA Journal#11_4|ICCA Journal, ppVol. 99-109. ISSN 0004-370211, No.4]]* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1989'''). ''Deep Thought Wins Fredkin Intermediate Prize''. AI Magazine Volume , Vol. 10 Number , No. 2, [http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/viewFile/753/671 pdf]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1990'''). ''The End of an Era''. [[ICGA Journal#13_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 1]] » [[Levy versus Deep Thought 1989]]
* [[Michael Valvo]] ('''1990'''). ''Moral Victory: Karpov versus Deep Thought at Harvard''. [[ICGA Journal#13_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 1]] <ref>[http://www.skepticfiles.org/cowtext/comput~1/karpovpr.htm Karpov vs. DEEP THOUGHT Cambridge, Massachusetts reported by Darren Bedwell, Compuserve 73]</ref>
* [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]], [[Thomas Anantharaman]], [[Murray Campbell]], [[Andreas Nowatzyk]] ('''1990'''). ''Deep Thought''. [[Computers, Chess, and Cognition]], pp. 55-78* [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]], [[Thomas Anantharaman]], [[Murray Campbell]], [[Andreas Nowatzyk]] ('''1990'''). ''[http://www.disi.unige.it/person/DelzannoG/AI2/hsu.html A Grandmaster Chess Machine]''. [[Scientific American]], Vol. 263, No. 4, pp. 44-50. ISSN 0036-8733.
* [[Frederic Friedel]] ('''1991'''). ''Not the Mother of all Chess Machines''. [[ICGA Journal#14_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 2]] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CeBIT CeBIT], [http://www.365chess.com/tournaments/Hannover_1991/18664 Hannover 1991 - 365Chess.com Tournaments]</ref>
* [[Robert Levinson]] ('''1991'''). ''Man and machine, theory and practice square off in Sydney''. [[ICGA Journal#14_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3]] <ref>[[Conferences#IJCAI1991|12. IJCAI 1991]] and [[Deep Thought]] vs. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Johansen Darryl Johansen] 1-1, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney Sydney], August 28, 1991</ref> <ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?pid=13728&pid2=47022 Deep Thought vs. Darryl K. Johansen] from [http://www.chessgames.com/index.html chessgames.co]</ref>
* [[Paul Hsieh]] ('''1996'''). ''[[Deep Blue]] - Deep Thought 2''. [[Computer Chess Reports]], Vol 5, No 3+4, pp. 45
=Forum Posts=
==1990 ...==
* [http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess/browse_frm/thread/763e61b8dd3cb7d9/723ff23220e73f73 Karpov-DT Match, Face to Screen] by [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.chess]], February 04, 1990
* [http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess/browse_frm/thread/cca5343249f882f4# Nolot's 11 difficult positions (possible spoilers)] by [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.chess]], July 29, 1994 » [[The Nolot Suite]]
* [http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess/browse_frm/thread/eecc575a7e25fdd3# A second look at the Nolot positions] by [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.chess]] August 2, 1994
* [http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess/browse_frm/thread/195d7f43cbe85c98 Deep Thought] by Thorsten Heedt, [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.chess]], April 11, 1995
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=13703 LCT II Fin4, Deep Thought, and Deep Blue (was Re: LCT II results...)] by [[Albert Silver]], [[CCC]], January 05, 1998 » [[LCT II]]
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=22438 Valvo-DT CC-games] by Hans Christian Lykke, [[CCC]], July 18, 1998 » [[Michael Valvo|Mike Valvo]]
==2000 ...==
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=88032 Nolot Bxh7 and deep thought/deep blue] by [[Vincent Diepeveen]], [[CCC]], January 12, 2000 » [[The Nolot Suite]]
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=90621 Deep Thought's rating during the race for the Fredkin prize] by [[Robert Hyatt]], [[CCC]], January 21, 2000 » [[Edward Fredkin#Prize|Fredkin Prize]]
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=128297 Deep Thought's tuning code and eval function!] by [[Severi Salminen]], [[CCC]], September 05, 2000 » [[Eval Tuning in Deep Thought]]
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=186072 Some facts about Deep Thought / Deep Blue] by Erkki Malkamaki, [[CCC]], August 29, 2001* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=187632 The Deep Thought Code] by Joshua Lee, [[CCC]], September 07, 2001* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=246431 positions when deep thought blundered] by [[Uri Blass]], [[CCC]], August 20, 2002* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=290079 What Was Deep Thought's ICC Rating??] by Joshua Lee, [[CCC]], March 20, 2003* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=301292 karpov - deep thought 1990] by Richard Bean, [[CCC]], June 17, 2003* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=382289 DEEP THOUGHT ...] by [[Guy Haworth]], [[CCC]], August 13, 2004* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=386936 Test Position = GM Tony Miles vs Deep Thought, 1989 <nowiki>[14...Bxh2!!]</nowiki>] by [[José Antônio Fabiano Mendes]], [[CCC]], September 09, 2004* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=404162 Re: Which Mephisto Version Beat Deep Thought?] by [[Steve Blincoe|Steve B]], [[CCC]], January 04, 2005 » [[ACM 1989]], [[Mephisto|Mephisto X]] * [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=473134 Deep Thought eval -- Request by Stuart C] by [[Charles Roberson]], [[CCC]], December 24, 2005
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Thought_%28chess_computer%29 Deep Thought from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/challenging-the-world-champion/ Challenging the World Champion | Mastering the Game] [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/program.php?id=349 Deep Thought's ICGA Tournaments]
* [http://www.chessgames.com/player/deep_thought.html Deep Thought's games from chessgames.com]
=References=
<references />
'''[[Engines|Up one Level]]'''
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