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'''David Neil Lawrence Levy''', (born 1945 in London)<br/>
a Scottish [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Master International Master] chess player (IM Title 1969), Bachelor of Science in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_mathematics Pure Maths], Physics and Statistics <ref>Bachelor of Science in Pure Maths, Physics & Statistics at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews St Andrew University, Scotland] 1963-67</ref> , renowned computer chess expert and promoter, tournament organizer, businessman, and until August 2019 president of the [[ICGA]], the International Computer Games Association. David Levy authored and co-authored an enormous number of articles and books on Chess, Computer Chess and AI-Topics. Noteworthy is the commercial edition of his Ph.D. thesis ''Love and Sex With Robots: The Evolution of Human-Robot Relationships'' <ref>[[David Levy]] ('''2007'''). ''[http://www.harpercollins.com/books/Love-Sex-With-Robots-David-Levy/?isbn=9780061359804 Love and Sex With Robots: The Evolution of Human-Robot Relationships]''. Harper Collins ISBN: 978-0-06156-212-9, [http://www.amazon.com/Love-Sex-Robots-Human-Robot-Relationships/dp/0061359750 amazon]</ref> , which he defended successfully on October 11, 2007, at [[Maastricht University]], The Netherlands.
=Photos=
[[FILE:Chess_Pioneers_Mittman_Newborn_Marsland_Slate_Levy_Shannon_Thompson_Truscott.c1980.102665753.lg.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|560px|link=http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102665753]]
Chess pioneers in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Sacher Sacher Hotel Vienna], Austria 1980: [[Ben Mittman]],[[Monroe Newborn|Monty Newborn]],<br/>
[[Tony Marsland]], [[David Slate|Dave Slate]], [[David Levy]], [[Claude Shannon]], [[Ken Thompson]], <br/>
Betty Shannon, [[Tom Truscott]] <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102665753 Chess pioneers in Sacher Hotel Vienna, Austria], Gift of [[Ben Mittman|Benjamin Mittman]], [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref>
[[FILE:LevyCartoon.JPG|border|right|thumb|220px|link=Cartoons|[[Cartoons|Cartoon]] by Jeff Ragsdale <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=doc-434fea055cbb3 King Moves - Welcome to the 1989 AGT World Computer Chess Championship.] Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Courtesy of [[Peter Jennings]] from [[The Computer History Museum]], available as [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/3-1%20and%203-2%20and%203-3%20and%204-3.1989_WCCC/1989%20WCCC.062302028.sm.pdf pdf reprint]</ref> ]]
In [[Timeline#1968|1968]], [[Donald Michie]], founder of the Department of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence Machine Intelligence] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception Perception] at the [[University of Edinburgh]], invited Levy, already a strong international chess player and graduated computer scientist, to the Artificial Intelligence (AI) workshop in Edinburgh <ref>[http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/%7Eshm/MI/mi4.html Machine Intelligence Volume 4]</ref> . Levy played a friendly game of chess against [[John McCarthy]], which Levy won. McCarthy remarked that David was able to beat him, but predicted a computer program would beat David within ten years. David then offered the famous [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling bet], that within that time no chess program would beat him in a tournament match. McCarthy took the bet after consulting Michie <ref>[httphttps://www.computerhistory.org/chess/related_materials/oral-history/levy.oral_history.2005.102645437/index.php?iid=orl-4345632d88ad1 / Oral History of David Levy] from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref> . The two made a 500 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling Pound] bet, which was later more than doubled when Donald Michie, [[Mathematician#SPapert|Seymour Papert]] from [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] and [[Ed Kozdrowicki]] from the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis University of California], joined in the wager <ref>[http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=1372 David Levy on Kasparov vs X3D Fritz], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], December 21, 2003</ref> . David Levy redeemed the bet ten years later, winning a [[Levy versus Chess 1978|match]] against [[Chess (Program)|Chess 4.7]] in Toronto, [[Timeline#1978|1978]] <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-42fa88358c200 International Master David Levy ponders next move against CHESS 4.6 running on a CDC Cyber 176 supercomputer in Toronto] from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref> . He won a second 5 year bet in 1984, [[Advances in Computer Chess 4#LevyCrayBlitz|versus Cray Blitz]], and then offered a price for the first computer chess team beating him. He finally got crashed 0-4 by [[Levy versus Deep Thought 1989|Deep Thought in 1989]] <ref>[http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20151201-the-cyborg-chess-players-that-cant-be-beaten BBC - Future - The cyborg chess players that can’t be beaten] by [http://www.chrisbaraniuk.com/ Chris Baraniuk], December 04, 2015</ref>.
==Did they all pay up?==
===Thompson's Databases===
The discussion on [[Rook Endgame#KRPKR|KRPKR]] at [[ACM 1974]] further inspired [[Ken Thompson]] to work some 10 years on chess endgames and to develop the [[Thompson's Databases]] <ref>[httphttps://www.computerhistory.org/chess/ken_thompson.oral_history_highlight.102645439/index.php?iid=orl-4334446157d96 / Highlights Kenneth Thompson Oral History] March 7, 2005 Video © 2005 [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref> :
The second tournament I was in was in San Diego in about '75, '74. And in that tournament [[David Levy]], who is a famous chess personality, was the tournament director. And after the games we were in the bar talking and he was saying that "computers can't play endgames, even simple endgames and they never will." And he said "I am an expert in the rook and pawn against rook endgame and a computer will never play a rook and pawn against rook endgame." And so, I went to my room that evening and was calculating the numbers and came to the conclusion that this was doable, that you could solve that game, absolutely solve it by a different mechanism, you know, not by normal computer chess but by a different mechanism. You could just have the answer and look it up and make a table of everything you are supposed to do. And I came back the next day and told him about it and he say's "nah, it takes too many plys, you know", and I said "no, it is ply independent, this is a different method", so he say's "ah no" so he just "poo poo'd me" and I got sort of, angry is not the right word but I got, you know, you know, so I went home and I worked probably for about ten years on endgames.
===Scotch versus Vodka===
David Levy further on a second KRPKR bet in ''[[Computer http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-85538-2 Chess Compendium]and Computers], The Endgame'', pp. 293132-294133: Being rather greedyIn December 1974, when my wife and I were visiting Moscow, I made a similar the same bet with [[Vladimir Arlazarov|Dr. Arlazarov]] of [[Kaissa]] fame during the [[WCCC 1977|1977 World Computer Championship]] in Toronto. This time I did not wish to corrupt him with the offer of a cash bet was and so I suggested a case wager of twelve bottles of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_whisky ScotchVodka vodka] (if I lostwon) against a case twelve bottles of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka VodkaScotch_whisky Scotch]. We agreed that The period of the bet was to expire at the end of 1975, and the arbiter was to be Grandmaster [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Averbakh Yuri Averbakh]<ref>[https://ruchess.ru/news/report/yuriy_averbakh_/ Yuri Averbakh. Biography (in Russian)]</ref> , President of the U.S.S.R. Soviet Chess Federation and a renowned one of the world's leading endgame expert, would act as arbiterexperts. Just about one year later I heard suggested to Averbakh that I owed Arlazarov a case he give the program the task of Scotchwinning two or three theoretically won positions, with him playing the defence, and section that he tried to win against the program from two or three different theoretically drawn positions <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Averbakh Yuri Averbakh] ('''1976'''). ''The Bet.'' in [https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%E2%80%94_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0 Znanie - sila], No. 8, pp.3 53-54</ref> . Just after the beginning of this compendium describes 1976 I received a telegram from Moscow saying: "[[Kaissa|KAISSA]] successfully examined by Averbakh on December 27th" <ref>[https://cdn-s-static.arzamas.academy/uploads/ckeditor/pictures/17078/content_endspiel.jpg Photo] (presumably December 1975) in [[Vladimir Arlazarov]], ''[https://arzamas.academy/materials/2233 Владимир Арлазаров: «Игры помогли нам понять, как человек решает трудные логические задачи»] (Games helped us understand how he a person solves difficult logical problems)'', [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arzamas_(website) Arzamas website] 2021, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Averbakh Yuri Averbakh] is testing the [[Rook Endgame#KRPKR|Rook and his colleagues collected Pawn Against Rook]] program: From left: [[Alexander Bitman]], [[Vladimir Arlazarov]], [[Anatoly Uskov]], Yuri Averbakh (sitting), [[Aaron L. Futer]] - the wager main developer of the program.</ref> <ref>[[Vladimir Arlazarov]], [[Aaron L. Futer]] ('''1979'''). ''Computer Analysis of a Rook End-Game''. [http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~shm/MI/mi9.html Machine Intelligence 9] (eds. [[Jean Hayes Michie]], [[Donald Michie]] and L.I. Mikulich), pp. 361-371. Ellis Horwood, Chichester. Reprinted in [[Computer Chess Compendium]], already in August 1977 following paper appeared in Russian: [http://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?option_lang=eng&personid=55935 A. G. Alexandrov], [http://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?option_lang=eng&personid=96113 A. M. Baraev], [http://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?option_lang=eng&personid=96114 Ya. Yu. Gol'fand], [[Edward Komissarchik]], [[Aaron L. Futer]] ('''1977'''). ''[http://www.mathnet.ru/php/archive.phtml?wshow=paper&jrnid=at&paperid=7425&option_lang=eng Computer analysis of rook end game]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation_and_Remote_Control Avtomatika i Telemekhanika], No. 8, 113–117, and further in 1977 [http://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?option_lang=eng&personid=55935 A. G. Alexandrov], [[Vladimir Arlazarov]], [http://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?option_lang=eng&personid=96113 A. M. Baraev], [http://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?option_lang=eng&personid=96114 Ya. Yu. Gol'fand], [https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:deza.v-n V. N. Deza], [https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:ilina.t-p T. P. Il’ina], [[Edward Komissarchik]], [[Anatoly Uskov]], [https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:faradzhev.i-a I. A. Faradzhev], [[Aaron L. Futer]] ('''1977'''). ''[https://zbmath.org/?q=an:03653550 Processing of large files of information on the example of the analysis of the rook’s end game]''. [http://www.springer.com/computer/journal/11086 Programming and Computer Software], No. 3</ref> .
=WCCC and ICCA=
==President==
From 1986 to 1992, David Levy was president of the ICCA, then vice president until 1999 and since then until the present August 2019 president again, since 2002 of the renamed [[ICGA]] <ref>[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/organisation/welcome.php A Welcome from the ICGA President]</ref> <ref>[https://icga.org/?p=2672 A NEW PRESIDENT - Announcement by David Levy] by [[Mark Lefler]], December 11, 2018 </ref> .
=Computer Chess and AI Business=
=Selected Publications=
<ref>[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/docs/References.pdf [ICGA Journal#RefDB|ICGA Reference Database] (pdf)]</ref> <ref>[http://www.amazon.com/s?ie=UTF8&applicationContextPath=%2Fgp%2Fsearch%2Fconstruct-application-context.mi&search-type=ss&index=books&field-author=David%20N.%20L.%20Levy&page=1 Books by David N. L. Levy] from [http://www.amazon.com/ amazon]</ref> <ref>[http://www.allbookstores.com/author/David_N_L_Levy.html Books by David Levy] from [http://www.allbookstores.com/ Bookstores.com]</ref>
==1976 ...==
* [[Jean Hayes Michie|Jean E. Hayes]], [[David Levy]] ('''1976'''). ''The world computer chess championship, Stockholm 1974''. University Press (Edinburgh) ISBN 0852242859
* [[David Levy]] ('''1983'''). ''Computer Gamesmanship: Elements of Intelligent Game Design''. Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-671-49532-1.
* [[David Levy]] ('''1984'''). ''Chess Master versus Computer''. [[ICGA Journal#7_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1986'''). ''When will Brute Force Programs beat Kasparov?'' [[ICGA Journal#9_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 2]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1986'''). ''ICCA's Future''. [[ICGA Journal#9_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 2]] » [[ICCA]]
* [[David Levy]], [[Harry Nefkens]] ('''1992'''). ''Before Databases''. [[ICGA Journal#15_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 15, No. 1]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1994'''). ''Straight on to Kasparov''. [[ICGA Journal#17-2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 17, No. 2]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1995'''). ''Extrapolation and Speculation.'' [[ICGA Journal#18_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 18, No. 3]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1997'''). ''Crystal Balls: The Meta-Science of Prediction in Computer Chess''. [[ICGA Journal#20-2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 2]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''2003'''). ''[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/contents/content26-1.htm#MANMACHINE The State of the Art in Man vs. “Machine” Chess]''. [[ICGA Journal#26_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 1]] » [[Kasparov versus Deep Junior 2003]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''2003'''). ''Kasparov vs X3D Fritz''. [[ICGA Journal#26_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 4]] » [[Kasparov versus X3D Fritz 2003]]
* [[ChessBase]], the Editor, [[John Nunn]], [[David Levy]] ('''2005'''). ''Adams Outclassed by HYDRA''. [[ICGA Journal#28_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 2]] » [[Hydra]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''2005'''). ''Man vs. Machine – What Next?'' [[ICGA Journal#28_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 2]]
* [[David Levy]], [[Monroe Newborn|Monty Newborn]] ('''2009'''). ''How Computers Play Chess''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishi_Press Ishi Press], [http://www.amazon.com/Computers-Play-Chess-David-Levy/dp/4871878015/ref=sr_1_1 amazon]
==2010 ...==
* [[David Levy]] ('''2011'''). ''Attack of the Clones''. [[ICGA Journal#34_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 1]] <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180828211326/http://www.chessvibes.com/?q=reports/attack-of-the-clones Attack of the clones : | ChessVibes] by [[David Levy]], February 19 February, 2011([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine Wayback Machine])</ref>
* [[David Levy]] ('''2011'''). ''Rybka Disqualified and Banned from World Computer Chess Championships''. [[ICGA Journal#34_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 2]] » [[Rybka]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''2011'''). ''A Very Sad Case''. [[ICGA Journal#34-2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 2]] » [[ICGA Investigations]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''2012'''). ''No Miscarriage of Justice - Just Biased Reporting''. [http://www.harveywilliamson.com/ICGA/DL_Rebuttal_to_Riis_article.January7th2012.doc doc] <ref>''[[Søren Riis#Miscarriage|A Gross Miscarriage of Justice in Computer Chess]]'' by [[Søren Riis]]</ref>
* [[David Levy]] ('''2012'''). ''From Computer Games to a Global Brain''. [[ICGA Journal#35_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 35, No. 4]] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_brain Global brain from Wikipedia]</ref>
* [[David Levy]] ('''2013'''). ''Alan Turing on Computer Chess''. in [[Mathematician#SBCooper|S. Barry Cooper]], [[Mathematician#JvLeeuwen|Jan van Leeuwen]] ('''2013'''). ''[https://www.elsevier.com/books/alan-turing-his-work-and-impact/cooper/978-0-12-386980-7 Alan Turing: His Work and Impact]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier Elsevier Science], pp. 644-650 » [[Alan Turing]], [[Turochamp]]
* [[Jaap van den Herik]], [[Aske Plaat]], [[David Levy]], [[Daniel Dimov]] ('''2014'''). ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875952114000093 Plagiarism in Game Programming Competitions]''. [http://www.journals.elsevier.com/entertainment-computing/ Entertainment Computing], Vol. 5, No. 3, [http://askeplaat.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/the-application-of-the-icga-rules-v15.pdf pdf preprint]
* [[David Levy]] ('''2014'''). ''The RYBKA Case – Progress and Verdict''. [[ICGA Journal#37_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 37, No. 4]] » [[Rybka Controversy]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''2015'''). ''The "Horizon Effect" in Politics''. [[ICGA Journal#38_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 38, No. 2]] » [[Horizon Effect]]
==2020 ...==
* [[David Levy]] ('''2020'''). ''Ben Mittman – an appreciation''. [[ICGA Journal#42_23|ICGA Journal, Vol. 42, Nos. 2-3]] » [[Ben Mittman]]
=External Links=
* [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/chess_computers_-_the_uk_story.html Chess Computers - The UK Story] from [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/index.html Chess Computer UK] by [[Mike Watters]]
* [http://www.schach-computer.info/wiki/index.php/Levy,_David David Levy interview] from [http://www.schach-computer.info/wiki/index.php/Hauptseite_En Schachcomputer.info - Wiki]
* [httphttps://www.othellocomputerhistory.dkorg/bookchess/index.php/David_Levy David Levy orl- The Othello Wiki Book Project]* [http:4345632d88ad1//www.zxsoftware.co.uk/8bitgamer/?p=31 The Oral History of 8bit Gaming in the UK - Popular Computing Weekly 11-17 Aug 1983]* [http://www.powells.com/blog/?author=178 Author Archive: David Levy] from [http://www.powells.com/blog/ Powell's Blog[The Computer History Museum]]
* [http://www.chessedinburgh.co.uk/chandlerarticle.php?ChandID=197 Chandler Cornered Chess Sci-Fi + Traitors Mate + Blunder Table] covering David Levy by [http://www.chessedinburgh.co.uk/ Chess Edinburgh]
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=16097 David Levy's games] at [http://www.chessgames.com/index.html chessgames.com]
* [http://www.365chess.com/players/David_Neil_Lawrence_Levy David Neil Lawrence Levy chess games] at [http://www.365chess.com/ 365Chess.com]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riz_Khan Riz Khan] Love and sex with robots - February 12, 2008, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K7FENChv6v4|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180828211326/http://www.chessvibes.com/?q=reports/attack-of-the-clones Attack of the clones : | ChessVibes] by [[David Levy]], February 19 February, 2011 ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine Wayback Machine]) » [[Rybka]], [[Fruit]], [[Strelka]]
* [http://sexuality.about.com/od/sexandtechnology/a/david_levy.htm David Levy - Sex with Robots] An Interview with Author David Levy by [http://sexuality.about.com/bio/Cory-Silverberg-17133.htm Cory Silverberg], [http://www.about.com/ About.com], May 18, 2011
* [http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=7899 ICGA/Rybka controversy: An interview with David Levy (1)], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], February 06, 2012
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