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Created page with "'''Home * People * Claude Shannon''' FILE:ClaudeShannon MFO3807.jpg|border|right|thumb|Claude Shannon <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon C..."
'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[People]] * Claude Shannon'''
[[FILE:ClaudeShannon MFO3807.jpg|border|right|thumb|Claude Shannon <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon Claude Shannon from Wikipedia]</ref> ]]
'''Claude Elwood Shannon''', (April 30, 1916 – February 24, 2001)<br/>
was an American [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineer electrical engineer], mathematician and researcher from [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] and since 1941 [[Bell Laboratories]]. One of the pioneers of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory information theory] .
In [[Timeline#1949|1949]] Shannon published a groundbreaking paper on computer chess entitled ''Programming a Computer for Playing Chess'' <ref>[http://www.pi.infn.it/%7Ecarosi/chess/shannon.txt Programming a Computer for Playing Chess (raw text)]</ref> . It describes how a machine or computer could be made to play a reasonable game of chess. His process for having the computer decide on which move to make is a [[Minimax|minimax]] procedure, based on an [[Evaluation|evaluation]] function of a given chess position.
=Photos=
==Chess Automation==
Quote of the text on the back on the photo, as given in [[ICGA Journal#12_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4]]: <ref>Photo of courtesy of Mrs. Shannon and [[Jos Uiterwijk]], [[ICGA Journal#12_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4]], pp. 217. Quote of the text on the back on the photo</ref> :
Dr. Claude E. Shannon demonstrating to Chessmaster [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lasker Edward Lasker] his (home-made) electric chess automation, build in 1949. The machine could handle up to six pieces, and was designed to test various programming methods. With one hundred and fifty relay operations required to complete a move, it arrived at the reply to an opponent's play in ten to fifteen seconds. It had built into it a random element, and as a result did not necessarily always make the same move when faced with the same position.
[[FILE:2-0 and 2-1.shannon_lasker.prior_1970.102645398.NEWBORN.lg.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|640px|link=http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-430b9bbe92716]]
Computer pioneer Claude Shannon and chess champion [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lasker Edward Lasker] at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], ponder the<br/>computational aspects of playing chess at Shannon's early [[Electro-Mechanical|relay-based]] chess machine <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-430b9bbe92716 Shannon and Lasker at Shannon's chess machine, ca. 1950] Gift of [[Monroe Newborn]] from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref>
==WCCC 1980==
[[FILE:ClaudeShannon1980.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|640px|link=https://www.flickr.com/photos/arselectronica/5057039146/]]
[[WCCC 1980]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linz Linz], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria Austria], Special guest [[Claude Shannon]], [[David Levy]] left <ref>[[Claude Shannon]] during the [[WCCC 1980|3rd World Computer Chess Championship]] that was staged in the course of the [http://www.aec.at/festival/en/ Ars Electronica Festival] 1980, credit: [http://www.liva.at/ LIVA – Linzer Veranstaltungsgesellschaft mbH], [https://www.flickr.com/photos/arselectronica/sets/72157625106548956 Ars Electronica - Codes & Clowns (2010/2011) – Flickr]</ref>
[[FILE:Chess_Pioneers_Mittman_Newborn_Marsland_Slate_Levy_Shannon_Thompson_Truscott.c1980.102665753.lg.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|640px|link=http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102665753]]
Chess pioneers in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Sacher Sacher Hotel Vienna], Austria 1980: [[Ben Mittman]], [[Monroe Newborn|Monty Newborn]], [[Tony Marsland]],<br/>[[David Slate|Dave Slate]], [[David Levy]], [[Claude Shannon]], [[Ken Thompson]], Betty Shannon, [[Tom Truscott]] <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102665753 Chess pioneers in Sacher Hotel Vienna, Austria], Gift of [[Ben Mittman|Benjamin Mittman]], [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref>
==WCCC 1989==
[[FILE:3-1_and_3-2.Thompson_Shannon_Slate.WCCC.Edmonton.1989.102645362.NEWBORN.lg.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|640px|link=http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-430b9bbdd1eb1]]
[[Ken Thompson|Thompson]], Shannon, and [[David Slate|Slate]] at the [[WCCC 1989|6th WCCC Edmonton 1989]] <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-430b9bbdd1eb1 Thompson, Shannon, and Slate] Photo by [[Monroe Newborn]] from [http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/index.php A History of Computer Chess] from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref>
[[FILE:5-2.Hsu_and_Shannon_1989.102645330.HSU.lg.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|640px|link=http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-430b9bbd35ab2]]
Claude Shannon awards [[Feng-Hsiung Hsu]], first prize for [[Deep Thought]], [[WCCC 1989|Edmonton 1989]] <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-430b9bbd35ab2 Claude Shannon awards Feng-Hsiung Hsu] Photo from [http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/index.php A History of Computer Chess] from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref>
=Shannon's Types=
Claude Shannon categorized two types of [[Search|search]] <ref>[[Claude Shannon]] ('''1949'''). ''[http://www.pi.infn.it/%7Ecarosi/chess/shannon.txt Programming a Computer for Playing Chess]''. [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon.062303002.pdf pdf]</ref> :
* [[Type A Strategy|Type A]] - a [[Brute-Force|brute-force search]] looking at every variation to a given [[Depth|depth]]
* [[Type B Strategy|Type B]] - a [[Selectivity|selective search]] looking at "important" branches only
Without the sense of [[Alpha-Beta|alpha-beta]], and inspired by the experiments of [[Adriaan de Groot]] <ref>[[Adriaan de Groot|Groot, A.D. de]] ('''1946'''). ''Het denken van den Schaker, een experimenteel-psychologische studie''. Ph.D. thesis, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Amsterdam University of Amsterdam]; N.V. Noord-Hollandse Uitgevers Maatschappij, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam Amsterdam]. Translated with the help of [[George Baylor]], with additions (in '''1965''') as ''Thought and Choice in Chess''. Mouton Publishers, The Hague. ISBN 90-279-7914-6. ([http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/9027979146/ref=sib_dp_pt#reader-link amazon])</ref> , Shannon and early programmers favored Type B strategy. Type B searches use some type of static heuristics in order to only look at branches that look important - with some risk to oversee some serious [[Tactics|tactics]] not covered by the plausible move selector. Type B was most popular until the 1970's, when Type A programs had enough processing power and more efficient brute force algorithms to become stronger. Today most programs are closer to Type A, but have some characteristics of a Type B as mentioned in [[Selectivity|selectivity]].
=See also=
* [[History|History of Computer Chess]]
* [[Shannon Trophy|The Shannon Trophy]]
=Selected Publications=
==1938 ...==
* [[Claude Shannon]] ('''1938'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Symbolic_Analysis_of_Relay_and_Switching_Circuits A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Electrical_Engineers Transactions of the AIEE], Vol. 57, No 12, Master's thesis 1940, [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
* [[Claude Shannon]] ('''1948'''). ''A Mathematical Theory of Communication''. [http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/what/shannonday/shannon1948.pdf pdf]
* [[Claude Shannon]] ('''1949'''). ''[http://www.pi.infn.it/%7Ecarosi/chess/shannon.txt Programming a Computer for Playing Chess]''. [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon.062303002.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
==1950 ...==
* [[Claude Shannon]] ('''1950'''). ''A Chess-Playing Machine''. [[Scientific American]], Vol. 182 (No. 2, February 1950), pp. 48-51. Reprinted in [http://www.amazon.com/World-Mathematics-Vol-4/dp/0486411524/ref=pd_sim_b_1 The World of Mathematics], edited by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Newman James R. Newman], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_&_Schuster Simon & Schuster, NY], Vol. 4, 1956, pp. 2124-2133. Included in Part B
* [[Claude Shannon]] ('''1953'''). ''[http://www.jnorman.com/cgi-bin/hss/38411 Computers and Automata]''. Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers Vol. 41, No. 10 <ref>In [[Vadim Anshelevich]] ('''2002'''). ''[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=512148.512154&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE&CFID=19278566&CFTOKEN=41682182 A hierarchical approach to computer Hex]''. Artificial Intelligence - Chips challenging champions: games, computers and Artificial Intelligence, [http://home.earthlink.net/~vanshel/VAnshelevich-ARTINT.pdf pdf], [[Vadim Anshelevich]] acknowledged [[Claude Shannon]], who build an analogue Hex-playing machine using electrical [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor resistor] circuits, which was model in Anshelevich's program [http://www.grappa.univ-lille3.fr/icga/program.php?id=131 Hexy]</ref> <ref>[[Hex]] is a special case of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_switching_game Shannon Switching Game], from [[Jack van Rijswijck]] ('''2003'''). ''Search and evaluation in Hex''. Technical report, [[University of Alberta]], [http://home.fuse.net/swmeyers/y-hex.pdf pdf]</ref> <ref>[http://www.althofer.de/3-hirn-grant--fischer.html Thomas Fischer] ('''2009'''). ''Bridg-It – Beating Shannon’s Analog Heuristic''. [http://www.minet.uni-jena.de/Math-Net/reports/sources/2009/09-07report.pdf pdf]</ref>
* [[John McCarthy]], [[Marvin Minsky]], [[Nathaniel Rochester]], [[Claude Shannon]] ('''1955'''). ''[http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence]''.
* [[Claude Shannon]], [[John McCarthy]] (eds.) ('''1956'''). ''Automata Studies''. Annals of Mathematics Studies Number 34, [http://books.google.com/books?id=oL57iECEeEwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=John+McCarthy,+Claude+Shannon++Automata+Studies&source=bl&ots=xtK2thLQi_&sig=6_n_Me0_lqG11pOoA6b7_ebomM8&hl=de&ei=j2lMTdbYD9GQswby_eWUDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Google books], [http://oldcomputerbooks.com/product.php?productid=16508&cat=267 oldcomputerbooks.com]
==1980 ...==
* [[Jaap van den Herik]] ('''1989'''). ''An Interview with Claude Shannon, September 25, 1980 in Linz, Austria''. [[ICGA Journal#12_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4]]
* [[Bob Herschberg]], [[Jaap van den Herik]] ('''1989'''). ''Thank You, Dr. Shannon''. [[ICGA Journal#12_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4]]
* [http://www.research.att.com/%7Enjas/ Neil J. A. Sloane], [http://cm.bell-labs.com/who/adw/index.html Aaron D. Wyner] ('''1993'''). ''[http://www.research.att.com/%7Enjas/doc/shannon.html Claude Shannon: Collected Papers]''. IEEE Press, ISBN 0-7803-0434-9
==2000 ...==
* [[Ken Thompson]] ('''2001'''). ''[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/contents/content24-1.htm#CLAUDE%20SHANNON CLAUDE SHANNON (1916-2001): FUNDAMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS]''. [[ICGA Journal#24_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 1]]
* [[Jaap van den Herik]] ('''2001'''). ''[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/contents/content24-1.htm#CLAUDE%20SHANNON CLAUDE SHANNON (1916-2001): THANK YOU]''. [[ICGA Journal#24_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 1]]
* [[Ben Mittman]] ('''2001'''). ''[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/contents/content24-2.htm#CLAUDE%20SHANNON OBITUARY CLAUDE SHANNON (1916 – 2001): PERSONAL MEMORIES]''. [[ICGA Journal#24_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 2]]
* [http://web.mit.edu/mindell/www/ David Mindell], [http://jerome-segal.de/ Jérôme Segal], [http://web.mit.edu/slava/homepage/ Slava Gerovitch] ('''2003'''). ''[http://www.infoamerica.org/documentos_word/shannon-wiener.htm Cybernetics and Information Theory in the United States, France and the Soviet Union]''. in [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Walker Mark Walker], [http://books.google.com/books/about/Science_and_Ideology.html?id=0Nz7Gs-C-9MC&redir_esc=y Science and Ideology]: A Comparative History » [[Claude Shannon]], [[Norbert Wiener]], covers the 1951 Paris Cybernetic Congress
=Forum Posts=
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=60004 One hundred years ago] by [[Steven Edwards]], [[CCC]], April 30, 2016
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon Claude Shannon from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Claude_Elwood_Shannon Claude Elwood Shannon - Wikiquote]
* [http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=42920 The Mathematics Genealogy Project - Claude Shannon]
* [http://owpdb.mfo.de/person_detail?id=3807 Details for Claude Shannon - Oberwolfach Photo Collection]
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/arselectronica/sets/72157625106548956 Ars Electronica - Codes & Clowns (2010/2011) – Flickr]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_%28Information_theory%29 Shannon entropy from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon%27s_source_coding_theorem Shannon's source coding theorem from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_index Shannon index from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_number Shannon number from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_switching_game Shannon switching game from Wikipedia]
* [http://chnm.gmu.edu/digitalhistory/links/pdf/chapter6/6.19b.pdf Remembering Claude Shannon] (pdf)
==Videos==
* [https://youtu.be/z2Whj_nL-x8 Claude Shannon - Father of the Information Age], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2Whj_nL-x8|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
* Claude Shannon [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juggling Juggling], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sBHGzRxfeJY|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
==100th Birthday==
* [http://www.itsoc.org/news-events/recent-news/claude-e-shannon-100th-birthday-celebration Claude E. Shannon 100th Birthday Celebration — Information Theory Society], [[IEEE]]
* [https://www.lnt.ei.tum.de/events/claude-elwood-shannon-100th-birthday-celebration-2016/ Claude Elwood Shannon 100th Birthday Celebration (2016)], [[Technical University of Munich]]
* [http://blog.hnf.de/der-erfinder-der-information/ Der Erfinder der Information | HNF Blog], April 29, 2016, [[Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum]] (German)
=References=
<references />
'''[[People|Up one level]]'''
[[FILE:ClaudeShannon MFO3807.jpg|border|right|thumb|Claude Shannon <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon Claude Shannon from Wikipedia]</ref> ]]
'''Claude Elwood Shannon''', (April 30, 1916 – February 24, 2001)<br/>
was an American [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineer electrical engineer], mathematician and researcher from [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] and since 1941 [[Bell Laboratories]]. One of the pioneers of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory information theory] .
In [[Timeline#1949|1949]] Shannon published a groundbreaking paper on computer chess entitled ''Programming a Computer for Playing Chess'' <ref>[http://www.pi.infn.it/%7Ecarosi/chess/shannon.txt Programming a Computer for Playing Chess (raw text)]</ref> . It describes how a machine or computer could be made to play a reasonable game of chess. His process for having the computer decide on which move to make is a [[Minimax|minimax]] procedure, based on an [[Evaluation|evaluation]] function of a given chess position.
=Photos=
==Chess Automation==
Quote of the text on the back on the photo, as given in [[ICGA Journal#12_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4]]: <ref>Photo of courtesy of Mrs. Shannon and [[Jos Uiterwijk]], [[ICGA Journal#12_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4]], pp. 217. Quote of the text on the back on the photo</ref> :
Dr. Claude E. Shannon demonstrating to Chessmaster [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lasker Edward Lasker] his (home-made) electric chess automation, build in 1949. The machine could handle up to six pieces, and was designed to test various programming methods. With one hundred and fifty relay operations required to complete a move, it arrived at the reply to an opponent's play in ten to fifteen seconds. It had built into it a random element, and as a result did not necessarily always make the same move when faced with the same position.
[[FILE:2-0 and 2-1.shannon_lasker.prior_1970.102645398.NEWBORN.lg.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|640px|link=http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-430b9bbe92716]]
Computer pioneer Claude Shannon and chess champion [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lasker Edward Lasker] at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], ponder the<br/>computational aspects of playing chess at Shannon's early [[Electro-Mechanical|relay-based]] chess machine <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-430b9bbe92716 Shannon and Lasker at Shannon's chess machine, ca. 1950] Gift of [[Monroe Newborn]] from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref>
==WCCC 1980==
[[FILE:ClaudeShannon1980.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|640px|link=https://www.flickr.com/photos/arselectronica/5057039146/]]
[[WCCC 1980]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linz Linz], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria Austria], Special guest [[Claude Shannon]], [[David Levy]] left <ref>[[Claude Shannon]] during the [[WCCC 1980|3rd World Computer Chess Championship]] that was staged in the course of the [http://www.aec.at/festival/en/ Ars Electronica Festival] 1980, credit: [http://www.liva.at/ LIVA – Linzer Veranstaltungsgesellschaft mbH], [https://www.flickr.com/photos/arselectronica/sets/72157625106548956 Ars Electronica - Codes & Clowns (2010/2011) – Flickr]</ref>
[[FILE:Chess_Pioneers_Mittman_Newborn_Marsland_Slate_Levy_Shannon_Thompson_Truscott.c1980.102665753.lg.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|640px|link=http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102665753]]
Chess pioneers in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Sacher Sacher Hotel Vienna], Austria 1980: [[Ben Mittman]], [[Monroe Newborn|Monty Newborn]], [[Tony Marsland]],<br/>[[David Slate|Dave Slate]], [[David Levy]], [[Claude Shannon]], [[Ken Thompson]], Betty Shannon, [[Tom Truscott]] <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102665753 Chess pioneers in Sacher Hotel Vienna, Austria], Gift of [[Ben Mittman|Benjamin Mittman]], [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref>
==WCCC 1989==
[[FILE:3-1_and_3-2.Thompson_Shannon_Slate.WCCC.Edmonton.1989.102645362.NEWBORN.lg.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|640px|link=http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-430b9bbdd1eb1]]
[[Ken Thompson|Thompson]], Shannon, and [[David Slate|Slate]] at the [[WCCC 1989|6th WCCC Edmonton 1989]] <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-430b9bbdd1eb1 Thompson, Shannon, and Slate] Photo by [[Monroe Newborn]] from [http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/index.php A History of Computer Chess] from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref>
[[FILE:5-2.Hsu_and_Shannon_1989.102645330.HSU.lg.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|640px|link=http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-430b9bbd35ab2]]
Claude Shannon awards [[Feng-Hsiung Hsu]], first prize for [[Deep Thought]], [[WCCC 1989|Edmonton 1989]] <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-430b9bbd35ab2 Claude Shannon awards Feng-Hsiung Hsu] Photo from [http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/index.php A History of Computer Chess] from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref>
=Shannon's Types=
Claude Shannon categorized two types of [[Search|search]] <ref>[[Claude Shannon]] ('''1949'''). ''[http://www.pi.infn.it/%7Ecarosi/chess/shannon.txt Programming a Computer for Playing Chess]''. [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon.062303002.pdf pdf]</ref> :
* [[Type A Strategy|Type A]] - a [[Brute-Force|brute-force search]] looking at every variation to a given [[Depth|depth]]
* [[Type B Strategy|Type B]] - a [[Selectivity|selective search]] looking at "important" branches only
Without the sense of [[Alpha-Beta|alpha-beta]], and inspired by the experiments of [[Adriaan de Groot]] <ref>[[Adriaan de Groot|Groot, A.D. de]] ('''1946'''). ''Het denken van den Schaker, een experimenteel-psychologische studie''. Ph.D. thesis, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Amsterdam University of Amsterdam]; N.V. Noord-Hollandse Uitgevers Maatschappij, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam Amsterdam]. Translated with the help of [[George Baylor]], with additions (in '''1965''') as ''Thought and Choice in Chess''. Mouton Publishers, The Hague. ISBN 90-279-7914-6. ([http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/9027979146/ref=sib_dp_pt#reader-link amazon])</ref> , Shannon and early programmers favored Type B strategy. Type B searches use some type of static heuristics in order to only look at branches that look important - with some risk to oversee some serious [[Tactics|tactics]] not covered by the plausible move selector. Type B was most popular until the 1970's, when Type A programs had enough processing power and more efficient brute force algorithms to become stronger. Today most programs are closer to Type A, but have some characteristics of a Type B as mentioned in [[Selectivity|selectivity]].
=See also=
* [[History|History of Computer Chess]]
* [[Shannon Trophy|The Shannon Trophy]]
=Selected Publications=
==1938 ...==
* [[Claude Shannon]] ('''1938'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Symbolic_Analysis_of_Relay_and_Switching_Circuits A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Electrical_Engineers Transactions of the AIEE], Vol. 57, No 12, Master's thesis 1940, [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
* [[Claude Shannon]] ('''1948'''). ''A Mathematical Theory of Communication''. [http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/what/shannonday/shannon1948.pdf pdf]
* [[Claude Shannon]] ('''1949'''). ''[http://www.pi.infn.it/%7Ecarosi/chess/shannon.txt Programming a Computer for Playing Chess]''. [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon.062303002.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
==1950 ...==
* [[Claude Shannon]] ('''1950'''). ''A Chess-Playing Machine''. [[Scientific American]], Vol. 182 (No. 2, February 1950), pp. 48-51. Reprinted in [http://www.amazon.com/World-Mathematics-Vol-4/dp/0486411524/ref=pd_sim_b_1 The World of Mathematics], edited by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Newman James R. Newman], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_&_Schuster Simon & Schuster, NY], Vol. 4, 1956, pp. 2124-2133. Included in Part B
* [[Claude Shannon]] ('''1953'''). ''[http://www.jnorman.com/cgi-bin/hss/38411 Computers and Automata]''. Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers Vol. 41, No. 10 <ref>In [[Vadim Anshelevich]] ('''2002'''). ''[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=512148.512154&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE&CFID=19278566&CFTOKEN=41682182 A hierarchical approach to computer Hex]''. Artificial Intelligence - Chips challenging champions: games, computers and Artificial Intelligence, [http://home.earthlink.net/~vanshel/VAnshelevich-ARTINT.pdf pdf], [[Vadim Anshelevich]] acknowledged [[Claude Shannon]], who build an analogue Hex-playing machine using electrical [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor resistor] circuits, which was model in Anshelevich's program [http://www.grappa.univ-lille3.fr/icga/program.php?id=131 Hexy]</ref> <ref>[[Hex]] is a special case of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_switching_game Shannon Switching Game], from [[Jack van Rijswijck]] ('''2003'''). ''Search and evaluation in Hex''. Technical report, [[University of Alberta]], [http://home.fuse.net/swmeyers/y-hex.pdf pdf]</ref> <ref>[http://www.althofer.de/3-hirn-grant--fischer.html Thomas Fischer] ('''2009'''). ''Bridg-It – Beating Shannon’s Analog Heuristic''. [http://www.minet.uni-jena.de/Math-Net/reports/sources/2009/09-07report.pdf pdf]</ref>
* [[John McCarthy]], [[Marvin Minsky]], [[Nathaniel Rochester]], [[Claude Shannon]] ('''1955'''). ''[http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence]''.
* [[Claude Shannon]], [[John McCarthy]] (eds.) ('''1956'''). ''Automata Studies''. Annals of Mathematics Studies Number 34, [http://books.google.com/books?id=oL57iECEeEwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=John+McCarthy,+Claude+Shannon++Automata+Studies&source=bl&ots=xtK2thLQi_&sig=6_n_Me0_lqG11pOoA6b7_ebomM8&hl=de&ei=j2lMTdbYD9GQswby_eWUDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Google books], [http://oldcomputerbooks.com/product.php?productid=16508&cat=267 oldcomputerbooks.com]
==1980 ...==
* [[Jaap van den Herik]] ('''1989'''). ''An Interview with Claude Shannon, September 25, 1980 in Linz, Austria''. [[ICGA Journal#12_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4]]
* [[Bob Herschberg]], [[Jaap van den Herik]] ('''1989'''). ''Thank You, Dr. Shannon''. [[ICGA Journal#12_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4]]
* [http://www.research.att.com/%7Enjas/ Neil J. A. Sloane], [http://cm.bell-labs.com/who/adw/index.html Aaron D. Wyner] ('''1993'''). ''[http://www.research.att.com/%7Enjas/doc/shannon.html Claude Shannon: Collected Papers]''. IEEE Press, ISBN 0-7803-0434-9
==2000 ...==
* [[Ken Thompson]] ('''2001'''). ''[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/contents/content24-1.htm#CLAUDE%20SHANNON CLAUDE SHANNON (1916-2001): FUNDAMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS]''. [[ICGA Journal#24_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 1]]
* [[Jaap van den Herik]] ('''2001'''). ''[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/contents/content24-1.htm#CLAUDE%20SHANNON CLAUDE SHANNON (1916-2001): THANK YOU]''. [[ICGA Journal#24_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 1]]
* [[Ben Mittman]] ('''2001'''). ''[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/contents/content24-2.htm#CLAUDE%20SHANNON OBITUARY CLAUDE SHANNON (1916 – 2001): PERSONAL MEMORIES]''. [[ICGA Journal#24_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 2]]
* [http://web.mit.edu/mindell/www/ David Mindell], [http://jerome-segal.de/ Jérôme Segal], [http://web.mit.edu/slava/homepage/ Slava Gerovitch] ('''2003'''). ''[http://www.infoamerica.org/documentos_word/shannon-wiener.htm Cybernetics and Information Theory in the United States, France and the Soviet Union]''. in [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Walker Mark Walker], [http://books.google.com/books/about/Science_and_Ideology.html?id=0Nz7Gs-C-9MC&redir_esc=y Science and Ideology]: A Comparative History » [[Claude Shannon]], [[Norbert Wiener]], covers the 1951 Paris Cybernetic Congress
=Forum Posts=
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=60004 One hundred years ago] by [[Steven Edwards]], [[CCC]], April 30, 2016
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon Claude Shannon from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Claude_Elwood_Shannon Claude Elwood Shannon - Wikiquote]
* [http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=42920 The Mathematics Genealogy Project - Claude Shannon]
* [http://owpdb.mfo.de/person_detail?id=3807 Details for Claude Shannon - Oberwolfach Photo Collection]
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/arselectronica/sets/72157625106548956 Ars Electronica - Codes & Clowns (2010/2011) – Flickr]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_%28Information_theory%29 Shannon entropy from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon%27s_source_coding_theorem Shannon's source coding theorem from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_index Shannon index from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_number Shannon number from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_switching_game Shannon switching game from Wikipedia]
* [http://chnm.gmu.edu/digitalhistory/links/pdf/chapter6/6.19b.pdf Remembering Claude Shannon] (pdf)
==Videos==
* [https://youtu.be/z2Whj_nL-x8 Claude Shannon - Father of the Information Age], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2Whj_nL-x8|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
* Claude Shannon [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juggling Juggling], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sBHGzRxfeJY|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
==100th Birthday==
* [http://www.itsoc.org/news-events/recent-news/claude-e-shannon-100th-birthday-celebration Claude E. Shannon 100th Birthday Celebration — Information Theory Society], [[IEEE]]
* [https://www.lnt.ei.tum.de/events/claude-elwood-shannon-100th-birthday-celebration-2016/ Claude Elwood Shannon 100th Birthday Celebration (2016)], [[Technical University of Munich]]
* [http://blog.hnf.de/der-erfinder-der-information/ Der Erfinder der Information | HNF Blog], April 29, 2016, [[Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum]] (German)
=References=
<references />
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