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'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Chess]] * Problems, Compositions and Studies'''
A '''Chess Problem''' or '''Composition''', set by a [https[:Category://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_composer Chess Composer|composer]], is presented to (human) solvers with a particular task to be achieved. Chess problems include the sub-genre of [[Checkmate|directmates]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helpmate helpmates] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfmate selfmates] in a pre-determined number of moves, and [[Retrograde Analysis|retrograde analysis problems]]. Beside chess problems in classical or orthodox chess, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_chess Fairy chess] offers an own branch of problem solving. Unlike problems, which often present very artificial looking positions, '''Studies''' or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endgame_study endgame studies] often appear that they could occur in a game, and represent a sort of puzzle, usually not requiring a solution in a fixed number of moves. Dedicated [[Chess :Category:Problem Solving Engines|chess problem and composition software]] is used as composition tool, and to prove correctness and uniqueness of chess problems. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_aesthetics Chess aesthetics] or beauty in chess is generally appreciated by both players and composers, awarded in certain championships also in the world of chess composition.
=Studies in CPW=
* [[Behting Study]]
* [[Arthur#Computer Judgment|Computer Judgment]] ([[Arthur]] [[Blockage Detection|detects blockage]] in [[Mathematician#RPenrose|Penrose]] position)
* [[Hans Secelle#DjajaStudy|Djaja Study]]
* [[Lasker-Reichhelm Position]] (Fine #70)
=See also=
* [[APwin]]
* [[:Category:Problem|Chess Problem Solving Engines]]
* [[Chesthetica]] by [[Azlan Iqbal]]
* [[Endgame]]
* [[Norman A. Macleod]] ('''1983'''). ''Is the Computer Going to Take Over from the Composer?'' [[ICGA Journal#6_2|ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 6, No. 2]]
* [[László Lindner]] ('''1983'''). ''Experience with the Second Human-Computer Problem Test''. [[ICGA Journal#6_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 6, No. 3]]
* [[Göran Grottling]] ('''1985'''). ''Problem-Solving Ability Tested''. [[ICGA Journal#8_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 2]]
* [[László Lindner]] ('''1985'''). ''A Critique of Problem-Solving Ability''. [[ICGA Journal#8_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 3]]
* [[Rainer Staudte]], U. Erdmenger ('''1994'''). ''Hilfsmattaufgaben als arithmetische Constraints'' In: N.E. Fuchs, G. Gottlob: Proceedings of the Tenth Logic Programming Workshop, WLP 1994, Universität Zürich, Berichte des Institutes für Informatik, Nr. 94.10.
* [[Michael Schlosser]] ('''1994'''). ''Können Computer Schachprobleme komponieren?'' Teil 1: [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Schachbl%C3%A4tter Deutsche Schachblätter]/[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SchachReport Schach-Report], 143(1994)5, S. 53-55 Teil 2: [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Schachbl%C3%A4tter Deutsche Schachblätter]/[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SchachReport Schach-Report], 143(1994)6, S. 57-60
* [[Richard K. Guy]], [[John Roycroft]], [https://plus.google.com/108830667476351401818/about Kenneth Solja] ('''1996'''). ''[http://www.worldcat.org/title/richard-guys-chess-endgame-studies/oclc/037231061 Richard Guy's Chess Endgame Studies]''. Prime Actions
* [[Rainer Staudte]] ('''1997'''). ''Constraints for Solving Helpmates''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 8]], [http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/informatik/KI/publikationen/chess.ps ps]
* [[Makoto Sakuta]], [[Hiroyuki Iida]] ('''1999'''). ''Solving Problems with Uncertainty: A case study using Tsuitate-Tsume-Shogi''. Proceedings of Game Programming Workshop in Japan '99, pp. 145-152, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakone,_Kanagawa Hakone], Japan, [http://www.ci.sys.fit.ac.jp/research/tts-gpw99.pdf pdf]
* [[Noam Elkies|Noam D. Elkies]] ('''1999'''). ''On numbers and endgames: Combinatorial game theory in chess endgames''. [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/math/pdf/9905/9905198v1.pdf pdf], differs only in trivial stylistic details from the ('''1996''') version published in [http://library.msri.org/books/Book29/index.html Games of No Chance] edited by [[Richard J. Nowakowski]]
* [[Yaakov HaCohen-Kerner]], [https://dblp.org/pid/03/6818.html Nahum Cohen], [https://dblp.org/pid/34/4078.html Erez Shasha] ('''1999'''). ''An Improver of Chess Problems''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/%7Eley/db/journals/cas/cas30.html#HaCohen-KernerCS99 Cybernetics and Systems, Vol. 30, No. 5]
==2000 ...==
* [[Harold van der Heijden]] ('''2001'''). ''[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/contents/content24-2.htm#ENDGAME%20TABLES Endgame Tables and Endgame Study Composition]''. [[ICGA Journal#24_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 2]]
* [[Noam Elkies]] ('''2001'''). ''Endgame Tables and Chess Composition''. [[ICGA Journal#24_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 2]]
* [[Michael Schlosser]], [[Rainer Staudte]], [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Zucker Manfred Zucker] ('''2002'''). ''90 Jahre Schachkomposition in Chemnitz'', (German) [http://chemchess.de/Home/Geschichte/150_Problemschach.pdf pdf]
* [[Noam Elkies]] ('''2005'''). ''New directions in enumerative chess problems''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Journal_of_Combinatorics Electronic Journal of Combinatorics], Vol. 11, No. 2, [https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0508645 arXiv:math/0508645] <ref>This article is based on a presentation given at the banquet in honor of [[Mathematician#RPStanley|Richard Stanley's]] 60th birthday, and is dedicated to Stanley on this occasion</ref>
* [[Azlan Iqbal]], [[Mashkuri Yaacob]] ('''2006'''). ''A Systematic and Discrete View of Aesthetics in Chess''. Journal of Comparative Literature and Aesthetics, Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2
* [[Fridel Fainshtein]] ('''2006'''). ''An Orthodox k-Move Problem-Composer for Chess Directmates''. M.Sc. thesis, [[Bar-Ilan University]], [http://www.problemschach.de/KMOVEComposer.pdf pdf] <ref>[http://milanvel.net/mp/snapshot/rescbody.php?px=1244212403&fid=gen&tid=319 MatPlus.Net - General => Computers & chess problems ?]</ref>
* [[Fridel Fainshtein]], [[Yaakov HaCohen-Kerner]] ('''2006'''). ''A Chess Composer of Two-Move Mate Problems''. [[ICGA Journal#29_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 1]], [http://homedir.jct.ac.il/%7Ekerner/pdf_docs/ICGA_computer_composer.pdf pdf]
* [[Yaakov HaCohen-Kerner]], [[Fridel Fainshtein]] ('''2006'''). ''A Deep Improver of Two-move Chess Mate Problems''. [httphttps://wwwen.informatikwikipedia.uni-trier.de/%7Eley/dborg/journalswiki/cas/cas37.html#HaCohen-KernerF06 Cybernetics_and_Systems Cybernetics and Systems], Vol. 37, No. 5]
* [[Gady Costeff]] ('''2006'''). ''How I Became A Great Composer''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EG_%28magazine%29 EG], Vol. 11, 159-163, [http://www.arves.org/English/index.htm ARVES], [http://gadycosteff.com/how_i_became_a_great_composer.pdf pdf]
* [[Azlan Iqbal]], [[Mashkuri Yaacob]] ('''2008'''). ''Theme Detection and Evaluation in Chess''. [[ICGA Journal#31_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 31, No. 2]]
* [[Azlan Iqbal]] ('''2010'''). ''Aesthetics in Mate-In-3 Combinations'', Part I Combinatorics and Weights, [[ICGA Journal#33_3|ICGA Journal, Vol. 33, No. 3]]
* [[Azlan Iqbal]] ('''2010'''). ''Aesthetics in Mate-In-3 Combinations'', Part II Normality, [[ICGA Journal#33_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 33, No. 4]]
* [[Azlan Iqbal]] ('''2011'''). ''Increasing Efficiency and Quality in the Automatic Composition of Three-Move Mate Problems''. [http://www.springer.com/computer/hci/book/978-3-642-24499-5 Entertainment Computing - ICEC 2011, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 6972], Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-24499-5
* [[Guy Haworth]], [[Eiko Bleicher]], [[Harold van der Heijden]] ('''2011'''). ''[http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/19484/ Uniqueness in Chess Studies]''. [[ICGA Journal#34_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 1]]
* [[Guy Haworth]], [[Harold van der Heijden]], [[Eiko Bleicher]] ('''2011'''). ''Zugzwangs in Chess Studies''. [[ICGA Journal#34_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 2]]
* [[Guy Haworth|Guy McCrossan Haworth]], [[Árpád Rusz]] ('''2011'''). ''Position Criticality in Chess Endgames''. [[Advances in Computer Games 13]], [https://www.conftool.net/acg13/index.php/Haworth-Position_Criticality_in_Chess_Endgames-140.pdf?page=downloadPaper&filename=Haworth-Position_Criticality_in_Chess_Endgames-140.pdf&form_id=140&form_version=final pdf]
* [[Azlan Iqbal]], [[Harold van der Heijden]], [[Matej Guid]], [[Ali Makhmali]] ('''2012'''). ''[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6177652 Evaluating the Aesthetics of Endgame Studies: A Computational Model of Human Aesthetic Perception]''. [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/tocresult.jsp?isnumber=6299011 IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games, Vol. 4, No. 3] <ref>[http://en.chessbase.com/home/TabId/211/PostId/4008602 A computer program to identify beauty in problems and studies], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], December 15, 2012</ref>
* [[Guy Haworth]], [[Eiko Bleicher]], [[Harold van der Heijden]] ('''2013'''). ''The data-mining of Studies Database HHdbIV''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EG_(magazine) EG], Vol. 19, pp. 27-30
* [[Harold van der Heijden]], [[Guy Haworth]] ('''2015'''). ''Chess Study #16206''. [[#Schwalbe|Die Schwalbe]], 32.271
==2020 ...==
* [[Dieter Müller]] ('''2020'''). ''A program for analyzing two move chess problems''. [[ICGA Journal#42_23|ICGA Journal, Vol. 42, Nos. 2-3]]
=Blog & Forum Posts=
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=347351 Test Position = Study by David Przepiorka [Vorwärts, 1910]] by [[José Antônio Fabiano Mendes]], [[CCC]], February 05, 2004
==2010 ...==
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=33823 Problems, problems, problems] by [[Ted Summers]], [[CCC]], April 16, 2010
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=47605 Troitzky, 1930] by [[Jesús Muñoz]], [[CCC]], March 25, 2013
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=48618 Draw by stalemate (Campbell, easy position for engines)] by [[Jesús Muñoz]], [[CCC]], July 31, 2013 » [[Stalemate]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=55414 Wrong chess studies] by [[Lyudmil Antonov]], [[CCC]], February 21, 2015
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63438 Penrose Puzzle] by [[Erin Dame]], [[CCC]], March 14, 2017 » [[Chess Problems, Compositions and Studies#Penrose|Penrose Puzzle]]
* [https://rjlipton.wordpress.com/2018/02/16/a-coupe-of-duchamp/ A Coup(e) of Duchamp] by [[Kenneth Wingate W. Regan|Ken Regan]], [https://rjlipton.wordpress.com/ Gödel's Lost Letter and P=NP], February 16, 2018* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66640 Marcel Duchamp endgame "splits" engines / hash phenomenon] by [[Kenneth Wingate W. Regan|Kenneth Regan]], [[CCC]], February 19, 2018 » [[Arts#Duchamp|Marcel Duchamp]], [[Transposition Table]]
=External Links=
* [http://free.of.pl/c/ccintorun/ Chess Composition in TORUN] by [[Marek Kwiatkowski]]
* [http://ruszchessstudies.blogspot.com/ Chess Endgame Study Composition] by [[Árpád Rusz]]
* [http://www.chessending.com/ Practical Chess Endgame + Computer Analysis] by [[Brian Gosling]]
===Studies===
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUk_zWrbcsM "The Georgian peasant"] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saavedra_position Saavedra position from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.chessbase.com/post/computers-solving-chess-problems Computers solving chess problems] by [[Frederic Friedel]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], September 08, 2020
==Problem Blogs==
* [http://chess-problems-gr.blogspot.com/ chess-problems-gr]
==SchwalbeMagazines== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EG_%28magazine%29 EG (magazine) from Wikipedia]* [http://www.arves.org/arves/index.php/en/magazine-eg/eg-and-ebur/eg-nrs-1-190 EG issues from ARVES]* [http://bulletin.chessproblems.ca/ ChessProblems.ca Bulletin]* [http://www.problemschach.de/harmonie/ Harmonie] by [[Torsten Linß]] (German)
* [http://www.dieschwalbe.de/ Schwalbe - deutsche Vereinigung für Problemschach] (German)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Schwalbe Die Schwalbe fom Wikipedia]
* [httphttps://wwwpdb.softdeccdieschwalbe.com/pdbde/index.jsp Chess Problem Database Server]
==Software==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_for_handling_chess_problems Software for handling chess problems from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.wfcc.ch/software/ Software - WFCC]
* [http://computer-chess.org/doku.php?id=computer_chess:wiki:lists:software_for_solving_chess_problems Software for solving chess problems / puzzles / endgame studies] from [[Ron Murawski|Ron Murawski's]] [http://computer-chess.org/doku.php?id=home Computer-Chess Wiki]
<span id="Penrose"></span> » [[Mathematician#RPenrose|Roger Penrose]], [https://en.lichess.org/study/DPCsTD9J Penrose institute puzzle #1 • lichess.org] <ref>[http://penroseinstitute.com/research/#human-intelligence The Penrose Institute | Human and Artificial Intelligence]</ref>
* [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2017/03/14/can-solve-chess-problem-holds-key-human-consciousness/ Can you solve the chess problem which holds key to human consciousness?] by [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/authors/sarah-knapton/ Sarah Knapton], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph The Telegraph], March 14, 2017 <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63438 Penrose Puzzle] by [[Erin Dame]], [[CCC]], March 14, 2017</ref>
* [http://www.iflscience.com/brain/humans-can-solve-this-chess-puzzle-but-a-supercomputer-cant/ Humans Can Solve This Chess Puzzle, But A Supercomputer Can't] by [http://www.iflscience.com/team/tom-hale/ Tom Hale], [http://www.iflscience.com/ IFLScience], March 14, 2017
* [http://mashable.com/2017/03/14/solve-this-chess-puzzle/#TV38M_XGSiq0 Sure you're not a robot? Solve this chess puzzle and prove it] by [http://mashable.com/author/lance-ulanoff/ Lance Ulanoff], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable Mashable], March 14, 2017
* [https://www.chess.com/news/view/will-this-position-help-to-understand-human-consciousness-4298 Will This Position Help Understand Human Consciousness?] by [https://www.chess.com/member/peterdoggers [Peter Doggers]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess.com [Chess.com]], March 15, 2017
* [http://en.chessbase.com/post/a-chess-problem-holds-the-key-to-human-consciousness A chess problem holds the key to human consciousness?] by [[Frederic Friedel]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], March 16, 2017
* [http://interestingengineering.com/can-you-solve-chess-puzzle-ai-software-cant/ Can You Solve This Chess Puzzle That AI Software Can't?] by [http://interestingengineering.com/author/terry-berman/ Terry Berman], [http://interestingengineering.com/ Interesting Engineering], March 19, 2017
