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Created page with "'''Home * Chess''' FILE:Breaking Point 1.png|border|right|thumb|Chess <ref> An illustration by Ebel for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Gunn_(writer)..."
'''[[Main Page|Home]] * Chess'''
[[FILE:Breaking Point 1.png|border|right|thumb|Chess <ref> An illustration by Ebel for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Gunn_(writer) James E. Gunn's] Breaking Point, appeared in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Science_Fiction Space Science Fiction], March 1953</ref> ]]
'''Chess''',<br/>
a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-player_game two-player] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-sum_%28game_theory%29 zero-sum] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_strategy abstract strategy] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_game board game] with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_information perfect information] as classified by [[John von Neumann]]. Chess has an estimated [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_complexity#State-space_complexity state-space complexity] of 10<span style="font-size: 80%; vertical-align: super;">46</span> <ref>[[Shirish Chinchalkar]] ('''1996'''). ''An Upper Bound for the Number of Reachable Positions''. [[ICGA Journal|ICCA Journal]], Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 181-183</ref> , the estimated [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_complexity#Game-tree_complexity game tree complexity] of 10<span style="font-size: 80%; vertical-align: super;">123</span> is based on an [[Branching Factor|average branching factor]] of 35 and an average game length of 80 [[Ply|ply]] <ref>[[Victor Allis]] ('''1994'''). ''Searching for Solutions in Games and Artificial Intelligence''. Ph.D. Thesis, [[Maastricht University|University of Limburg]], [http://fragrieu.free.fr/SearchingForSolutions.pdf pdf], 6.3.9 Chess pp. 171</ref> .
This page is about the basic chess items, [[Chessboard|chessboard]], [[Pieces|pieces]] and [[Moves|moves]], and how they are considered or encoded inside a chess program, to either represent a [[Chess Position|chess position]] inside its [[Search|search]] and to play the [[Chess Game|game of chess]]. It sub-pages intersect with [[Evaluation|evaluation]], [[Board Representation|board representation]] and even [[Search|search]] topics.
=Board and Squares=
* [[Chessboard]]
* [[Squares]]
* [[Ranks]]
* [[Files]]
* [[Diagonals]]
* [[Anti-Diagonals]]
* [[Rays]] as subset of Lines
=Pieces and Moves=
* [[Moves]]
* [[Pieces]]
* [[Trajectory]]
=Color and Side=
* [[Color]]
* [[Side to move]]
=The Game of Chess=
* [[Chess Game]]
* [[Chess Position]]
* [[Chess Server]]
* [[Game Notation]]
* [[Match Statistics]]
* [[Playing Strength]]
* [[Rules of Chess]] (Computer Chess related)
* [[Time Management]]
==During the Game==
* [[Blockade]]
* [[Check]]
* [[Fortress]]
* [[Strategy]]
* [[Tactics]]
* [[Tempo]]
* [[Transposition]]
==The End==
* [[Checkmate]]
* [[Draw]]
<span id="Variants"></span>
=Chess Variants=
* [[Losing Chess|Antichess]] (Losing Chess)
* [[Atomic Chess]]
* [[Capablanca Chess]]
* [[Chess960]] or Fischer Random Chess (FRC)
* [[Chinese Chess]]
* [[Crazyhouse]]
* [[Gothic Chess]]
* [[Kinglet]]
* [[Knightmate Chess]]
* [[Losing Chess]]
* [[Nightrider Chess]]
* [[Seirawan Chess]] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seirawan_chess Seirawan chess from Wikipedia]</ref>
* [[Shatranj]]
* [[Shogi]] (Japanese Chess)
* [[Shuffle Chess]]
* [[Losing Chess|Suicide Chess]] (Losing Chess)
=Chess Problems=
* [[Chess Problems, Compositions and Studies]]
* [[Retrograde Analysis]]
<span id="ChessAndMathematics"></span>
=Chess and Mathematics=
: [[include component="pageList" hideInternal="true" tag="mathematics" limit="100"]]
<span id="Maxima"></span>
=Chess Maxima=
* In 1966, Eero Bonsdorff, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Fabel Karl Fabel], and Olvai Riihimaa gave 5899 as the maximum number of [[Moves|moves]] in a chess game <ref>Eero Bonsdorff, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Fabel Karl Fabel], Olvai Riihimaa ('''1966''') ''Schach und Zahl - Unterhaltsame Schachmathematik''. Seite 11-13, Walter Rau Verlag, Düsseldorf (German)</ref> <ref>[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/50-Z%C3%BCge-Regel#Schachmathematik 50-Züge-Regel - Schachmathematik from Wikipedia.de] (German)</ref> <ref>[http://www.xs4all.nl/~timkr/chess2/honor.htm Defending Humanity's Honor] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Krabb%C3%A9 Tim Krabbé], see game [[Rival|NewRival]] - [[Faile]] with 493 moves, and playing 402 moves with bare kings!</ref>
* [[Shirish Chinchalkar]] has determined a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_complexity#State-space_complexity state-space complexity] of 10<span style="font-size: 80%; vertical-align: super;">46.25</span> as upper bound for the number of reachable [[Chess Position|chess positions]] <ref>[[Shirish Chinchalkar]] ('''1996'''). ''An Upper Bound for the Number of Reachable Positions''. [[ICGA Journal#19_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 19, No. 3]]</ref>, [[John Tromp]] gives about 10^45.888 <ref>[http://tromp.github.io/chess/chess.html John's Chess Playground - Number of chess diagrams and positions]</ref> <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=51744&start=3 Re: Total possible chess positions?] by [[Álvaro Begué]], [[CCC]], March 26, 2014</ref>
* The [[Encoding Moves#MoveIndex|maximum number of moves]] per [[Chess Position|chess position]] seems 218 <ref>[https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=272654 Does this position blow up your program?] by [[Michael Byrne|Mike Byrne]], [[CCC]], December 23, 2002</ref> <ref>[https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=424966 Subject: Maximum Number of Legal Moves] by [http://onezero.org/ Andrew Shapira], [[CCC]], May 08, 2005</ref>
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R6R/3Q4/1Q4Q1/4Q3/2Q4Q/Q4Q2/pp1Q4/kBNN1KB1 w - - 0 1
=Chess and Psychology=
* [[Adriaan de Groot]]
* [[Alex de Voogt]]
* [[Alexandre Linhares]]
* [[CHREST]]
* [[Christopher Chabris]]
* [[Cognition]]
* [[Eliot Hearst]]
* [[Eyal Reingold]]
* [[Herbert Simon]]
* [[Ivan Bratko]]
* [[Jean Retschitzki]]
* [[Judith Spencer Olson]]
* [[Kevin J. Gilmartin]]
* [[Merim Bilalić]]
* [[Michael Barenfeld]]
* [[Neil Charness]]
* [[Oleg K. Tichomirov]]
* [[Pertti Saariluoma]]
* [[Peter Lane]]
* [[Philippe Chassy]]
* [[Psychology]]
* [[Robert I. Reynolds]]
* [[Robert W. Howard]]
* [[Ruslan Hajiev]]
* [[Russell M. Church]]
* [[Sarah E. Goldin]]
* [[Simona Tancig]]
* [[Tei Laine]]
* [[William Chase]]
=Chess and Philosophy=
Quote from ''Philosophy Looks at Chess'' <ref>[http://www.opencourtbooks.com/books_n/philosophy_looks_at_chess.htm Philosophy Looks at Chess] by [http://www.practicalreason.com/ Benjamin Hale]</ref> :
The game of chess has endured since at least the sixth century. Its earliest variant, the Indian game of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaturanga Chaturanga], was from the beginning a game for thinkers. Since its inception, scholars, statesmen, strategists, and warriors have been fascinated by the game and its variants. German [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy philosopher] [[Mathematician#EmanuelLasker|Emanuel Lasker]] and famed French artist [[Arts#Duchamp|Marcel Duchamp]] were both Grandmasters at chess. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx Karl Marx] played chess avidly, as did [[Mathematician#BRussell|Sir Bertrand Russell]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre Jean-Paul Sartre], and the logical positivist [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Black Max Black]. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau] <ref>[http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/rousseau.html Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Chess] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Winter_%28chess_historian%29 Edward Winter]</ref> mentions in his Confessions that, at the time, he "had another expedient, not less solid, in the game of chess, to which I regularly dedicated, at Maugis's, the evenings on which I did not go to the theater. I became acquainted with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legall_de_Kermeur M. de Légal], M. Husson, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Andr%C3%A9_Danican_Philidor Philidor], and all the great chess players of the day, without making the least improvement in the game." More recently, philosopher [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Rachels Stuart Rachels] reports that his father, the late philosopher and prominent [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethicist ethicist] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rachels James Rachels], received a bribe from a Russian Grandmaster while he was the chair of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Chess_Federation U.S. Chess Federation's] Ethics committee.
=Chess Programs called Chess=
* [[Chess (Program)|Chess]] the [[Northwestern University]] Chess Program by [[Larry Atkin]] and [[David Slate]]
* [[Chess 0.5]] by [[Larry Atkin]] and [[Peter W. Frey]]
* [[Chess 0.5X]] by [[Wim Elsenaar]]
* [[Chess 2001]], [[Dedicated Chess Computers]]
* [[Chess 2013|Chess 201x]] by [[Filip Höfer]]
* [[Chess-64]] by [[Fabien Letouzey]]
* [[Chess 7.0]] by [[Larry Atkin]]
=See also=
* [[Anti-Computerchess]]
* [[Arts]]
* [[Cartoons]]
* [[Databases|Chess Databases]]
* [[Engines|Chess Engines]]
* [[Morphy#ChessFever|Chess Fever (Shakhmatnaya goryachka)]]
* [[Various Classifications#ChessLegend|Chess legends]]
* [[Chess Query Language]]
* [[Cognition]]
* [[History#ComputerChess|Computer Chess - A Movie]]
* [[Artificial Intelligence|Computer Chess and AI]]
* [[Knowledge]]
* [[Learning]]
* [[Psychology]]
=Publications=
==1949==
* [[Claude Shannon]] ('''1949'''). ''[http://www.pi.infn.it/%7Ecarosi/chess/shannon.txt Programming a Computer for Playing Chess]''. [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon.062303002.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
==1950 ...==
* [[Claude Shannon]] ('''1950'''). ''A Chess-Playing Machine''. [[Scientific American]], Vol. 182 (No. 2, February 1950), pp. 48-51. Reprinted in [http://www.amazon.com/World-Mathematics-Vol-4/dp/0486411524/ref=pd_sim_b_1 The World of Mathematics], edited by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Newman James R. Newman], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_&_Schuster Simon & Schuster, NY], Vol. 4, 1956, pp. 2124-2133. Included in Part B
* [[Mathematician#JBSHaldane|J. B. S. Haldane]] ('''1952'''). ''[http://bjps.oxfordjournals.org/content/III/10/189.full.pdf+html The mechanical chess-player]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Journal_for_the_Philosophy_of_Science British Journal of Philosophy of Science], [http://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toc/bjps.html#III%289%29:May:1952 Vol. 3, No. 10]
* [[Alan Turing]] ('''1953'''). '''''Chess'''''. part of the collection ''Digital Computers Applied to Games''. in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._V._Bowden,_Baron_Bowden Bertram Vivian Bowden] (editor), ''[http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/cgi-bin/sitewise.pl?act=det&p=10719 Faster Than Thought]'', a symposium on digital computing machines, reprinted 1988 in [[Computer Chess Compendium]], reprinted 2004 in Chapter 16 of ''The Essential Turing''.
==1955 ...==
* [[Paul Stein]], [[Stanislaw Ulam]] ('''1957'''). ''Experiments in chess on electronic computing machines''. Chess Review, 13 January 1957.
* [[James Kister]], [[Paul Stein]], [[Stanislaw Ulam]], [[William Walden]], [[Mark Wells]] ('''1957'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=320868.320877&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE&CFID=628969023&CFTOKEN=30690604 Experiments in Chess]''. [[ACM#Journal|Journal of the ACM]], Vol. 4, No. 2
* [[Allen Newell]], [[Cliff Shaw]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1958'''). ''Chess Playing Programs and the Problem of Complexity''. IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 320-335
* [[Alex Bernstein]], [[Michael de V. Roberts]] ('''1958'''). ''[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=doc-431614f690f16 Computer vs. Chess-Player]''. [[Scientific American]], Vol. 198, pp. 96-105. [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-2.Computer_V_ChessPlayer.Bernstein_Roberts.Scientific_American.June-1958/Computer_V_ChessPlayer.Bernstein_Roberts.Scientific_American.June-1958.062303059.sm.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]], reprinted 1988 in [[Computer Chess Compendium]]
* [[Alex Bernstein]], [[Michael de V. Roberts]], [[Timothy Arbuckle]], [[Martin Belsky]] ('''1958'''). ''[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=doc-431e18a41d415 A chess playing program for the IBM 704]''. Proceedings of the 1958 Western Joint Computer Conference, pp. 157-159, Los Angeles, California. [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-2.A_Chess_Playing_Program_for_the_IBM_704.Bernstein_Roberts_Arbuckle_Belsky/A_Chess_Playing_Program_for_the_IBM_704.Bernstein_Roberts_Arbuckle_Belsky.062303011.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
==1960 ...==
* [[Alan Kotok]] ('''1962'''). ''A Chess Playing Program for the IBM 7090'', B.S. Thesis, MIT, AI Project Memo 41, Computation Center, Cambridge MA. [http://www.kotok.org/AK-Thesis-1962.pdf pdf]
==1965 ...==
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1968'''). ''A Five-Year Plan for Automatic Chess''. [http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~shm/MI/mi2.html Machine Intelligence Vol. 2], pp. 110-115
* [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] ('''1968'''). ''Algoritm igry v shakhmaty''. (The algorithm of chess)
==1970 ...==
* [[Georgy Adelson-Velsky]], [[Vladimir Arlazarov]], [[Alexander Bitman]], [[Alexander Zhivotovsky]], [[Anatoly Uskov]] ('''1970'''). ''[http://iopscience.iop.org/0036-0279/25/2/R07 Programming a Computer to Play Chess]''. [http://iopscience.iop.org/0036-0279/25/2 Russian Mathematical Surveys, Vol. 25], pp. 221-262.
==1975 ...==
* [[Ron Atkin]], [[Ian H. Witten]] ('''1975'''). ''[http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2b91106ea980eb48aa505f6b54c130707/dblp A Multi-Dimensional Approach to Positional Chess]''. [http://www.interaction-design.org/references/periodicals/international_journal_of_man-machine_studies_volume_7.html International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 7, No. 6]
* [[Ron Atkin]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hartston William Hartston], [[Ian H. Witten]] ('''1976'''). ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020737376800181 Fred CHAMP, Positional-Chess Analyst]''. [http://www.interaction-design.org/references/periodicals/international_journal_of_man-machine_studies_volume_8.html International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 8, No. 5]
* [[Donald Michie]] ('''1976'''). ''An Advice-Taking System for Computer Chess.'' Computer Bulletin, Ser. 2, Vol. 10, pp. 12-14. ISSN 0010-4531.
==1980 ...==
* [[Aviezri Fraenkel]], [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/indices/a-tree/l/Lichtenstein:David.html David Lichtenstein] ('''1981'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-10843-2_23 Computing a Perfect Strategy for n x n Chess Requires Time Exponential in N]''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/journals/jct/jcta31.html#FraenkelL81 Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Ser. A, Vol. 31, No. 2]
==1985 ...==
* [[Ingo Althöfer]] ('''1985'''). ''Das 3-Hirn - Entscheidungsteilung im Schach.'' [[Computerschach und Spiele]], pp. 20-22 (German)
* [[Ingo Althöfer]] ('''1989'''). ''A Survey of Some Results in Theoretical Game Tree Search and the 'Dreihirn'-experiment.'' Proceedings Workshop on New Directions in Game-tree Search, pp. 16-32. Edmonton, Canada.
==1990 ...==
* [[Ingo Althöfer]] ('''1991'''). ''Selective trees and majority systems: two experiments with commercial chess computers''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 6]]
* [[Robert Levinson]], [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]], [[Tony Marsland]], [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[David Wilkins]] ('''1991'''). ''The Role of Chess in Artificial Intelligence Research''. [http://dli.iiit.ac.in/ijcai/IJCAI-91-VOL1/CONTENT/content.htm IJCAI 1991], [http://dli.iiit.ac.in/ijcai/IJCAI-91-VOL1/PDF/084.pdf pdf], also in [[ICGA Journal|ICCA Journal]], Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 153-161, [http://www.ai.sri.com/%7Ewilkins/papers/chess-panel.pdf pdf]
* [[Fernand Gobet]], [[Peter Jansen]] ('''1994'''). ''[http://people.brunel.ac.uk/~hsstffg/abstracts/chess_program.html Towards a Chess Program Based on a Model of Human Memory].'' [[Advances in Computer Chess 7]]
==1995 ...==
* [[Ingo Althöfer]] ('''1997'''). ''A Symbiosis of Man and Machine Beats Grandmaster Timoshchenko.'' [[ICGA Journal#20_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 1]]
* [[Ingo Althöfer]] ('''1997'''). ''On the k-best Mode in Computer Chess: Measuring the Similarity of Move Proposals.'' [[ICGA Journal#20_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 3]]
* [[Ingo Althöfer]] ('''1998'''). ''LIST-3-HIRN vs. Grandmaster Yusupov. - A Report on a Very Experimental Match, Part I: The Games.'' [[ICGA Journal#21_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 21, No. 1]]
* [[Ingo Althöfer]] ('''1998'''). ''13 Jahre 3-Hirn – Meine Schach-Experimente mit Mensch-Maschinen-Kombinationen.'' ISBN 3-00-003100-6. (German)
==2000 ...==
* [[Ingo Althöfer]] ('''2001'''). ''Grandmaster Chess with one-sided Computer Help.'' [[ICGA Journal#24_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No.4]]
* [[Marek Strejczek]] ('''2004'''). ''Some aspects of chess programming''. [[Technical University of Łódź]], Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Department of Computer Science, Supervisor [[Maciej Szmit]], [http://nesik.republika.pl/download//SomeAspectsOfChessProgramming.zip zipped pdf], [http://www.top-5000.nl/ps/SomeAspectsOfChessProgramming.pdf pdf]
* [[Henk Mannen]], [[Marco Wiering]] ('''2004'''). ''[http://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=xVas0I8AAAAJ&cstart=20&pagesize=80&citation_for_view=xVas0I8AAAAJ:7PzlFSSx8tAC Learning to play chess using TD(λ)-learning with database games]''. [http://students.uu.nl/en/hum/cognitive-artificial-intelligence Cognitive Artificial Intelligence], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_University Utrecht University], Benelearn’04
==2005 ...==
* [[Fernand Gobet]], [[Peter Jansen]] ('''2005'''). ''Training in Chess: A Scientific Approach''. [http://www.brunel.ac.uk/~hsstffg/preprints/Training_in_chess.PDF pdf]
* [[Aviezri Fraenkel]] ('''2006'''). ''Nim is Easy, Chess is Hard – But Why??'' [[ICGA Journal#29_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 4]], [http://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il/~fraenkel/Papers/ICGA.pdf pdf]
* [[Diego Rasskin-Gutman]] ('''2009'''). ''[http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=11847 Chess Metaphors - Artificial Intelligence and the Human Mind]''. ISBN-13: 978-0-262-18267-6, translated by [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/author/default.asp?aid=36831 Deborah Klosky], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press MIT Press] <ref>[http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=6097 Chess Metaphors – Artificial Intelligence and the Human Mind] by [[Diego Rasskin-Gutman]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], January 28, 2010</ref>
* [[Bernd Blasius]], [[Ralf Tönjes]] ('''2009'''). ''[http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.218701 Zipf's Law in the Popularity Distribution of Chess Openings]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters Physical Review Letters], 103, 218701, [http://www.icbm.de/fileadmin/user_upload/icbm/ag/mathmod/download/BlasiusToenjes2009.pdf pdf] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipf%27s_law Zipf's law from WIkipedia]</ref>
* [[Shay Bushinsky]] ('''2009'''). ''[http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/2255 Deus Ex Machina— A Higher Creative Species in the Game of Chess]''. [[AAAI#AIMAG|AI Magazine]], Vol. 30, No. 3 » [[Artificial Intelligence#MachineCreativity|Machine Creativity]] <ref>[http://en.chessbase.com/post/machine-creativity-what-it-is-and-what-it-isn-t Machine creativity: what it is and what it isn't] by [[Albert Silver]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], August 28, 2016</ref>
==2010 ...==
* [[Christian Hesse]] ('''2011'''). ''[http://www.newinchess.com/The_Joys_of_Chess-p-953.html The Joys of Chess - Heroes, Battles & Brilliancies]''. ISBN: 978-90-5691-355-7, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_In_Chess New In Chess] <ref>[http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=7775 The joys of chess – and the value of the pieces], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], December 21, 2011</ref>
* [[Frédéric Prost]] ('''2012'''). ''On the Impact of Information Technologies on Society: an Historical Perspective through the Game of Chess''. Turing-100. The [[Alan Turing]] Centenary, [http://www.easychair.org/publications/?page=1900403647 EPiC Volume 10]
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2012'''). ''Detecting Fortresses in Chess''. [http://ev.fe.uni-lj.si/ Elektrotehniški vestnik], Vol. 79, Nos. 1-2, [https://ailab.si/matej/doc/Detecting_Fortresses_in_Chess.pdf pdf] » [[Rybka]], [[Houdini]] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64306&start=27 Re: Tony's positional test suite] by [[Louis Zulli]], [[CCC]], August 01, 2017</ref>
* [[Kristian Spoerer]], [[Toshihisa Okaneya]], [[Kokolo Ikeda]], [[Hiroyuki Iida]] ('''2013'''). ''Further Investigations of 3-Member Simple Majority Voting for Chess''. [[CG 2013]]
* [[Katja Grace]] ('''2013'''). ''Algorithmic Progress in Six Domains''. Technical report 2013-3, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Intelligence_Research_Institute Machine Intelligence Research Institute], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California Berkeley, CA], [http://intelligence.org/files/AlgorithmicProgress.pdf pdf], 5 [[Games|Game Playing]], 5.1 [[Chess]], 5.2 [[Go]], 9 [[Learning|Machine Learning]]
* [[Nick Pelling]] ('''2013'''). ''[https://www.amazon.co.uk/Chess-Superminiatures-Nick-Pelling-ebook/dp/B00HEOZ8B6 Chess Superminiatures]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-book eBook], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle Kindle edition], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com Amazon]
* [[John Nunn]] ('''2014'''). ''Maths and Chess''. [[ICGA Journal#37_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 37, No. 4]]
* [[Kenneth Wingate Regan|Kenneth W. Regan]], [[Tamal T. Biswas]], [[Jason Zhou]] ('''2014'''). ''Human and Computer Preferences at Chess''. [http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~regan/papers/pdf/RBZ14aaai.pdf pdf]
==2015 ...==
* [[Tamal T. Biswas]], [[Kenneth Wingate Regan|Kenneth W. Regan]] ('''2015'''). ''Measuring Level-K Reasoning, Satisficing, and Human Error in Game-Play Data''. [[IEEE]] [http://www.icmla-conference.org/icmla15/ ICMLA 2015], [http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~regan/papers/pdf/BiRe15_ICMLA2015.pdf pdf preprint]
* [[Vito Janko]], [[Matej Guid]] ('''2015'''). ''Development of a Program for Playing Progressive Chess''. [[Advances in Computer Games 14]] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_chess Progressive chess from Wikipedia]</ref>
* [[Guy Haworth]], [[Tamal T. Biswas]], [[Kenneth Wingate Regan|Kenneth W. Regan]] ('''2015'''). ''[http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/39431/ A Comparative Review of Skill Assessment: Performance, Prediction and Profiling]''. [[Advances in Computer Games 14]]
* [[Muthuraman Chidambaram]], [[Yanjun Qi]] ('''2017'''). ''Style Transfer Generative Adversarial Networks: Learning to Play Chess Differently''. [https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.06762v1 arXiv:1702.06762v1] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63252 Using GAN to play chess] by Evgeniy Zheltonozhskiy, [[CCC]], February 23, 2017</ref> » [[Neural Networks]]
* [[Lyudmil Tsvetkov]] ('''2017'''). ''[http://www.secretofchess.com/ The Secret of Chess]''. <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64776 The Secret of Chess] by [[Lyudmil Tsvetkov]], [[CCC]], August 01, 2017</ref>
* [[David Silver]], [[Thomas Hubert]], [[Julian Schrittwieser]], [[Ioannis Antonoglou]], [[Matthew Lai]], [[Arthur Guez]], [[Marc Lanctot]], [[Laurent Sifre]], [[Dharshan Kumaran]], [[Thore Graepel]], [[Timothy Lillicrap]], [[Karen Simonyan]], [[Demis Hassabis]] ('''2017'''). ''Mastering Chess and Shogi by Self-Play with a General Reinforcement Learning Algorithm''. [https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.01815 arXiv:1712.01815] » [[AlphaZero]]
=Forum Posts=
==1989==
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/wqAWR7ylU4w/PTvP5DbWadcJ Can Chess Help Adapt to Life?] by [[Michael Valvo|Mike Valvo]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], September 06, 1989
==1990 ...==
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.programmer/0Mctf2NWmr0/wv5AofD6T28J Is chess in NP?] by Antti Juhani Ylikoski, [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.programmer]], May 26, 1997
==2000 ...==
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=272654 Does this position blow up your program?] by [[Michael Byrne|Mike Byrne]], [[CCC]], December 23, 2002
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=424966 Subject: Maximum Number of Legal Moves] by [http://onezero.org/ Andrew Shapira], [[CCC]], May 08, 2005
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=17338 Variants and Board Size] by [[Harm Geert Muller]], [[CCC]], October 25, 2007
==2010 ...==
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=39332 max amount of moves from a position?] by [[Srdja Matovic]], [[CCC]], June 10, 2011
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=41388 Contest: Find Position with the most moves] by [[Charles Roberson]], [[CCC]], December 09, 2011
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=43291 New chess variants] by [[Ferdinand Mosca]], [[CCC]], March 03, 2012 » [[Games#ChessVariants|Chess Variants]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=46490 Chess and the "Golden Ratio"...] by [[Steve Maughan]], [[CCC]], December 19, 2012
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=50473 Chess with incomplete information] by [[Harm Geert Muller]], [[CCC]], December 13, 2013
'''2014'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=51744 Total possible chess positions?] by [[Matthew R. Brades]], [[CCC]], March 26, 2014
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=53734 for Chess-variant authors] by [[Harm Geert Muller]], [[CCC]], September 17, 2014 » [[Chess Engine Communication Protocol]], [[WinBoard]], [[XBoard]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=54124 XBoard and chess variants] by [[Evert Glebbeek]], [[CCC]], October 28, 2014
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=54162 UCCI2WB] by [[Harm Geert Muller]], [[CCC]], October 27, 2014 » [[Chinese Chess]] (Universal Chinese Chess Interface, UCCI)
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=54167 UCI protocol for chess variants] by [[Evert Glebbeek]], [[CCC]], October 28, 2014 » [[UCI]]
==2015 ...==
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=56007 Most common chess variant?] by [[Stefano Gemma]], [[CCC]], April 15, 2015 » [[Games#ChessVariants|Chess Variants]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=57696 The future of chess and elo ratings] by [[Larry Kaufman]], [[CCC]], September 20, 2015 » [[Match Statistics]], [[Opening Book]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=58482 Winboard 4.8.0b and Amazon chess variant] by [[Ferdinand Mosca]], [[CCC]], December 05, 2015 » [[WinBoard]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=58518 Matibay an amazon chess variant engine] by [[Ferdinand Mosca]], [[CCC]], December 08, 2015
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=58533 Masipag, a nightrider chess variant engine] by [[Ferdinand Mosca]], [[CCC]], December 09, 2015
'''2016'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=58808 Grande Acedrex] by [[Harm Geert Muller]], [[CCC]], January 04, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=59080 Tamerlane Chess] by [[Harm Geert Muller]], [[CCC]], January 28, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=60387 New chess variant] by [[Evert Glebbeek]], [[CCC]], June 06, 2016 » [[Games#ChessVariants|Chess Variants]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61792 Max moves in a position] by [[Laurie Tunnicliffe]], [[CCC]], October 22, 2016 » [[Chess#Maxima|Chess Maxima]]
'''2017'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63525 Winboard variants online] by [[Erin Dame]], [[CCC]], March 22, 2017 » [[Games#ChessVariants|Chess Variants]], [[WinBoard]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=65268 The Peace-Chess Challenge] by [[Harm Geert Muller]], [[CCC]], September 24, 2017 » [[Games#ChessVariants|Chess Variants]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=65292 Weakly vs strongly solving chess] by Greg Simpson, [[CCC]], September 26, 2017
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=65962 best board representation for variants (javascript) ?] by [[Mahmoud Uthman]], [[CCC]], December 10, 2017 » [[Board Representation]], [[JavaScript]]
'''2018'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66298 Is modern chess software lossless or lossy?] by Meni Rosenfeld, [[CCC]], January 10, 2018 » [[Playing Strength]], [[Selectivity]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66302 Is chess still 99% tactics?] by [[Alvaro Cardoso]], [[CCC]], January 11, 2018 » [[Tactics]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66364 A Chess variant with low draw rate] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], January 19, 2018 » [[Games#ChessVariants|Chess Variants]]
=External Links=
==Wikipedia==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess Chess from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_theory Chess theory from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_chess Computer chess from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-move_advantage_in_chess First-move advantage in chess from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_chess Outline of chess from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_chess Rules of Chess from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_chess School of chess from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solving_chess Solving chess from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_terminology Glossary of chess from Wikipedia]
==Chess==
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chess Chess from Wikibooks]
* [http://www.chess-museum.com/links.html Welcome to the Chess Museum - Links]
* [http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/earliest.html Earliest Occurrences of Chess Terms] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Winter_%28chess_historian%29 Edward Winter]
* [http://www.chesshistory.com/ Chess History Center - Chess Notes] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Winter_%28chess_historian%29 Edward Winter]
* [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Chess.html Chess] from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld MathWorld - A Wolfram Web Resource] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein Eric W. Weisstein]
==Chess Variants==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_variant Chess variant from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.chessvariants.org/ The Chess Variant Pages] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_L._Bodlaender Hans L. Bodlaender]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_chess Fairy chess from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_chess_piece Fairy chess piece from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.gnu.org/software/xboard/Betza.html Betza notation and XBoard] » [[Moves]], [[XBoard]]
==Misc==
* [http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/projects/chess/ CHESS - Microsoft Research] a tool for finding and reproducing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unusual_software_bug Heisenbugs] in concurrent programs.
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_%28musical%29 Chess (musical) from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p009jfnh BBC World Service Programmes - The Friday Documentary: Seeking The Endgame], by Simon Terrington, with statements by [[David Levy]] et al. <ref>[http://hiarcs.net/forums/viewtopic.php?t=3674 BBC Computer Chess Radio Programme] by [[Harvey Williamson]], [[Computer Chess Forums|Hiarcs Forum]], September 11, 2010</ref>
* [http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20151201-the-cyborg-chess-players-that-cant-be-beaten BBC - Future - The cyborg chess players that can’t be beaten] by [http://www.chrisbaraniuk.com/ Chris Baraniuk], December 04, 2015 » [[David Levy]], [[Boris Alterman]], [[Shay Bushinsky]], [[Mark Lefler]]
* [http://www.permutationpuzzles.org/chess/math_chess.html Mathematics and Chess Page]
* [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/chess SFE - The Science Fiction Encyclopedia - Chess]
* [[Videos#AnthonyBraxton|Anthony Braxton]] Interview - Chess, Math & Music, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgn1gdvgYQo|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
* [[Arts#Duchamp|Marcel Duchamp]] on Chess, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIOyUEGBn-U|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[Main Page|Home]]'''
[[FILE:Breaking Point 1.png|border|right|thumb|Chess <ref> An illustration by Ebel for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Gunn_(writer) James E. Gunn's] Breaking Point, appeared in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Science_Fiction Space Science Fiction], March 1953</ref> ]]
'''Chess''',<br/>
a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-player_game two-player] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-sum_%28game_theory%29 zero-sum] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_strategy abstract strategy] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_game board game] with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_information perfect information] as classified by [[John von Neumann]]. Chess has an estimated [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_complexity#State-space_complexity state-space complexity] of 10<span style="font-size: 80%; vertical-align: super;">46</span> <ref>[[Shirish Chinchalkar]] ('''1996'''). ''An Upper Bound for the Number of Reachable Positions''. [[ICGA Journal|ICCA Journal]], Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 181-183</ref> , the estimated [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_complexity#Game-tree_complexity game tree complexity] of 10<span style="font-size: 80%; vertical-align: super;">123</span> is based on an [[Branching Factor|average branching factor]] of 35 and an average game length of 80 [[Ply|ply]] <ref>[[Victor Allis]] ('''1994'''). ''Searching for Solutions in Games and Artificial Intelligence''. Ph.D. Thesis, [[Maastricht University|University of Limburg]], [http://fragrieu.free.fr/SearchingForSolutions.pdf pdf], 6.3.9 Chess pp. 171</ref> .
This page is about the basic chess items, [[Chessboard|chessboard]], [[Pieces|pieces]] and [[Moves|moves]], and how they are considered or encoded inside a chess program, to either represent a [[Chess Position|chess position]] inside its [[Search|search]] and to play the [[Chess Game|game of chess]]. It sub-pages intersect with [[Evaluation|evaluation]], [[Board Representation|board representation]] and even [[Search|search]] topics.
=Board and Squares=
* [[Chessboard]]
* [[Squares]]
* [[Ranks]]
* [[Files]]
* [[Diagonals]]
* [[Anti-Diagonals]]
* [[Rays]] as subset of Lines
=Pieces and Moves=
* [[Moves]]
* [[Pieces]]
* [[Trajectory]]
=Color and Side=
* [[Color]]
* [[Side to move]]
=The Game of Chess=
* [[Chess Game]]
* [[Chess Position]]
* [[Chess Server]]
* [[Game Notation]]
* [[Match Statistics]]
* [[Playing Strength]]
* [[Rules of Chess]] (Computer Chess related)
* [[Time Management]]
==During the Game==
* [[Blockade]]
* [[Check]]
* [[Fortress]]
* [[Strategy]]
* [[Tactics]]
* [[Tempo]]
* [[Transposition]]
==The End==
* [[Checkmate]]
* [[Draw]]
<span id="Variants"></span>
=Chess Variants=
* [[Losing Chess|Antichess]] (Losing Chess)
* [[Atomic Chess]]
* [[Capablanca Chess]]
* [[Chess960]] or Fischer Random Chess (FRC)
* [[Chinese Chess]]
* [[Crazyhouse]]
* [[Gothic Chess]]
* [[Kinglet]]
* [[Knightmate Chess]]
* [[Losing Chess]]
* [[Nightrider Chess]]
* [[Seirawan Chess]] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seirawan_chess Seirawan chess from Wikipedia]</ref>
* [[Shatranj]]
* [[Shogi]] (Japanese Chess)
* [[Shuffle Chess]]
* [[Losing Chess|Suicide Chess]] (Losing Chess)
=Chess Problems=
* [[Chess Problems, Compositions and Studies]]
* [[Retrograde Analysis]]
<span id="ChessAndMathematics"></span>
=Chess and Mathematics=
: [[include component="pageList" hideInternal="true" tag="mathematics" limit="100"]]
<span id="Maxima"></span>
=Chess Maxima=
* In 1966, Eero Bonsdorff, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Fabel Karl Fabel], and Olvai Riihimaa gave 5899 as the maximum number of [[Moves|moves]] in a chess game <ref>Eero Bonsdorff, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Fabel Karl Fabel], Olvai Riihimaa ('''1966''') ''Schach und Zahl - Unterhaltsame Schachmathematik''. Seite 11-13, Walter Rau Verlag, Düsseldorf (German)</ref> <ref>[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/50-Z%C3%BCge-Regel#Schachmathematik 50-Züge-Regel - Schachmathematik from Wikipedia.de] (German)</ref> <ref>[http://www.xs4all.nl/~timkr/chess2/honor.htm Defending Humanity's Honor] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Krabb%C3%A9 Tim Krabbé], see game [[Rival|NewRival]] - [[Faile]] with 493 moves, and playing 402 moves with bare kings!</ref>
* [[Shirish Chinchalkar]] has determined a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_complexity#State-space_complexity state-space complexity] of 10<span style="font-size: 80%; vertical-align: super;">46.25</span> as upper bound for the number of reachable [[Chess Position|chess positions]] <ref>[[Shirish Chinchalkar]] ('''1996'''). ''An Upper Bound for the Number of Reachable Positions''. [[ICGA Journal#19_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 19, No. 3]]</ref>, [[John Tromp]] gives about 10^45.888 <ref>[http://tromp.github.io/chess/chess.html John's Chess Playground - Number of chess diagrams and positions]</ref> <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=51744&start=3 Re: Total possible chess positions?] by [[Álvaro Begué]], [[CCC]], March 26, 2014</ref>
* The [[Encoding Moves#MoveIndex|maximum number of moves]] per [[Chess Position|chess position]] seems 218 <ref>[https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=272654 Does this position blow up your program?] by [[Michael Byrne|Mike Byrne]], [[CCC]], December 23, 2002</ref> <ref>[https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=424966 Subject: Maximum Number of Legal Moves] by [http://onezero.org/ Andrew Shapira], [[CCC]], May 08, 2005</ref>
: <fentt border="double" style="font-size:24pt">R6R/3Q4/1Q4Q1/4Q3/2Q4Q/Q4Q2/pp1Q4/kBNN1KB1</fentt>
R6R/3Q4/1Q4Q1/4Q3/2Q4Q/Q4Q2/pp1Q4/kBNN1KB1 w - - 0 1
=Chess and Psychology=
* [[Adriaan de Groot]]
* [[Alex de Voogt]]
* [[Alexandre Linhares]]
* [[CHREST]]
* [[Christopher Chabris]]
* [[Cognition]]
* [[Eliot Hearst]]
* [[Eyal Reingold]]
* [[Herbert Simon]]
* [[Ivan Bratko]]
* [[Jean Retschitzki]]
* [[Judith Spencer Olson]]
* [[Kevin J. Gilmartin]]
* [[Merim Bilalić]]
* [[Michael Barenfeld]]
* [[Neil Charness]]
* [[Oleg K. Tichomirov]]
* [[Pertti Saariluoma]]
* [[Peter Lane]]
* [[Philippe Chassy]]
* [[Psychology]]
* [[Robert I. Reynolds]]
* [[Robert W. Howard]]
* [[Ruslan Hajiev]]
* [[Russell M. Church]]
* [[Sarah E. Goldin]]
* [[Simona Tancig]]
* [[Tei Laine]]
* [[William Chase]]
=Chess and Philosophy=
Quote from ''Philosophy Looks at Chess'' <ref>[http://www.opencourtbooks.com/books_n/philosophy_looks_at_chess.htm Philosophy Looks at Chess] by [http://www.practicalreason.com/ Benjamin Hale]</ref> :
The game of chess has endured since at least the sixth century. Its earliest variant, the Indian game of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaturanga Chaturanga], was from the beginning a game for thinkers. Since its inception, scholars, statesmen, strategists, and warriors have been fascinated by the game and its variants. German [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy philosopher] [[Mathematician#EmanuelLasker|Emanuel Lasker]] and famed French artist [[Arts#Duchamp|Marcel Duchamp]] were both Grandmasters at chess. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx Karl Marx] played chess avidly, as did [[Mathematician#BRussell|Sir Bertrand Russell]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre Jean-Paul Sartre], and the logical positivist [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Black Max Black]. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau] <ref>[http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/rousseau.html Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Chess] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Winter_%28chess_historian%29 Edward Winter]</ref> mentions in his Confessions that, at the time, he "had another expedient, not less solid, in the game of chess, to which I regularly dedicated, at Maugis's, the evenings on which I did not go to the theater. I became acquainted with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legall_de_Kermeur M. de Légal], M. Husson, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Andr%C3%A9_Danican_Philidor Philidor], and all the great chess players of the day, without making the least improvement in the game." More recently, philosopher [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Rachels Stuart Rachels] reports that his father, the late philosopher and prominent [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethicist ethicist] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rachels James Rachels], received a bribe from a Russian Grandmaster while he was the chair of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Chess_Federation U.S. Chess Federation's] Ethics committee.
=Chess Programs called Chess=
* [[Chess (Program)|Chess]] the [[Northwestern University]] Chess Program by [[Larry Atkin]] and [[David Slate]]
* [[Chess 0.5]] by [[Larry Atkin]] and [[Peter W. Frey]]
* [[Chess 0.5X]] by [[Wim Elsenaar]]
* [[Chess 2001]], [[Dedicated Chess Computers]]
* [[Chess 2013|Chess 201x]] by [[Filip Höfer]]
* [[Chess-64]] by [[Fabien Letouzey]]
* [[Chess 7.0]] by [[Larry Atkin]]
=See also=
* [[Anti-Computerchess]]
* [[Arts]]
* [[Cartoons]]
* [[Databases|Chess Databases]]
* [[Engines|Chess Engines]]
* [[Morphy#ChessFever|Chess Fever (Shakhmatnaya goryachka)]]
* [[Various Classifications#ChessLegend|Chess legends]]
* [[Chess Query Language]]
* [[Cognition]]
* [[History#ComputerChess|Computer Chess - A Movie]]
* [[Artificial Intelligence|Computer Chess and AI]]
* [[Knowledge]]
* [[Learning]]
* [[Psychology]]
=Publications=
==1949==
* [[Claude Shannon]] ('''1949'''). ''[http://www.pi.infn.it/%7Ecarosi/chess/shannon.txt Programming a Computer for Playing Chess]''. [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon.062303002.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
==1950 ...==
* [[Claude Shannon]] ('''1950'''). ''A Chess-Playing Machine''. [[Scientific American]], Vol. 182 (No. 2, February 1950), pp. 48-51. Reprinted in [http://www.amazon.com/World-Mathematics-Vol-4/dp/0486411524/ref=pd_sim_b_1 The World of Mathematics], edited by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Newman James R. Newman], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_&_Schuster Simon & Schuster, NY], Vol. 4, 1956, pp. 2124-2133. Included in Part B
* [[Mathematician#JBSHaldane|J. B. S. Haldane]] ('''1952'''). ''[http://bjps.oxfordjournals.org/content/III/10/189.full.pdf+html The mechanical chess-player]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Journal_for_the_Philosophy_of_Science British Journal of Philosophy of Science], [http://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toc/bjps.html#III%289%29:May:1952 Vol. 3, No. 10]
* [[Alan Turing]] ('''1953'''). '''''Chess'''''. part of the collection ''Digital Computers Applied to Games''. in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._V._Bowden,_Baron_Bowden Bertram Vivian Bowden] (editor), ''[http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/cgi-bin/sitewise.pl?act=det&p=10719 Faster Than Thought]'', a symposium on digital computing machines, reprinted 1988 in [[Computer Chess Compendium]], reprinted 2004 in Chapter 16 of ''The Essential Turing''.
==1955 ...==
* [[Paul Stein]], [[Stanislaw Ulam]] ('''1957'''). ''Experiments in chess on electronic computing machines''. Chess Review, 13 January 1957.
* [[James Kister]], [[Paul Stein]], [[Stanislaw Ulam]], [[William Walden]], [[Mark Wells]] ('''1957'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=320868.320877&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE&CFID=628969023&CFTOKEN=30690604 Experiments in Chess]''. [[ACM#Journal|Journal of the ACM]], Vol. 4, No. 2
* [[Allen Newell]], [[Cliff Shaw]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1958'''). ''Chess Playing Programs and the Problem of Complexity''. IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 320-335
* [[Alex Bernstein]], [[Michael de V. Roberts]] ('''1958'''). ''[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=doc-431614f690f16 Computer vs. Chess-Player]''. [[Scientific American]], Vol. 198, pp. 96-105. [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-2.Computer_V_ChessPlayer.Bernstein_Roberts.Scientific_American.June-1958/Computer_V_ChessPlayer.Bernstein_Roberts.Scientific_American.June-1958.062303059.sm.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]], reprinted 1988 in [[Computer Chess Compendium]]
* [[Alex Bernstein]], [[Michael de V. Roberts]], [[Timothy Arbuckle]], [[Martin Belsky]] ('''1958'''). ''[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=doc-431e18a41d415 A chess playing program for the IBM 704]''. Proceedings of the 1958 Western Joint Computer Conference, pp. 157-159, Los Angeles, California. [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-2.A_Chess_Playing_Program_for_the_IBM_704.Bernstein_Roberts_Arbuckle_Belsky/A_Chess_Playing_Program_for_the_IBM_704.Bernstein_Roberts_Arbuckle_Belsky.062303011.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
==1960 ...==
* [[Alan Kotok]] ('''1962'''). ''A Chess Playing Program for the IBM 7090'', B.S. Thesis, MIT, AI Project Memo 41, Computation Center, Cambridge MA. [http://www.kotok.org/AK-Thesis-1962.pdf pdf]
==1965 ...==
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1968'''). ''A Five-Year Plan for Automatic Chess''. [http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~shm/MI/mi2.html Machine Intelligence Vol. 2], pp. 110-115
* [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] ('''1968'''). ''Algoritm igry v shakhmaty''. (The algorithm of chess)
==1970 ...==
* [[Georgy Adelson-Velsky]], [[Vladimir Arlazarov]], [[Alexander Bitman]], [[Alexander Zhivotovsky]], [[Anatoly Uskov]] ('''1970'''). ''[http://iopscience.iop.org/0036-0279/25/2/R07 Programming a Computer to Play Chess]''. [http://iopscience.iop.org/0036-0279/25/2 Russian Mathematical Surveys, Vol. 25], pp. 221-262.
==1975 ...==
* [[Ron Atkin]], [[Ian H. Witten]] ('''1975'''). ''[http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2b91106ea980eb48aa505f6b54c130707/dblp A Multi-Dimensional Approach to Positional Chess]''. [http://www.interaction-design.org/references/periodicals/international_journal_of_man-machine_studies_volume_7.html International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 7, No. 6]
* [[Ron Atkin]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hartston William Hartston], [[Ian H. Witten]] ('''1976'''). ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020737376800181 Fred CHAMP, Positional-Chess Analyst]''. [http://www.interaction-design.org/references/periodicals/international_journal_of_man-machine_studies_volume_8.html International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 8, No. 5]
* [[Donald Michie]] ('''1976'''). ''An Advice-Taking System for Computer Chess.'' Computer Bulletin, Ser. 2, Vol. 10, pp. 12-14. ISSN 0010-4531.
==1980 ...==
* [[Aviezri Fraenkel]], [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/indices/a-tree/l/Lichtenstein:David.html David Lichtenstein] ('''1981'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-10843-2_23 Computing a Perfect Strategy for n x n Chess Requires Time Exponential in N]''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/journals/jct/jcta31.html#FraenkelL81 Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Ser. A, Vol. 31, No. 2]
==1985 ...==
* [[Ingo Althöfer]] ('''1985'''). ''Das 3-Hirn - Entscheidungsteilung im Schach.'' [[Computerschach und Spiele]], pp. 20-22 (German)
* [[Ingo Althöfer]] ('''1989'''). ''A Survey of Some Results in Theoretical Game Tree Search and the 'Dreihirn'-experiment.'' Proceedings Workshop on New Directions in Game-tree Search, pp. 16-32. Edmonton, Canada.
==1990 ...==
* [[Ingo Althöfer]] ('''1991'''). ''Selective trees and majority systems: two experiments with commercial chess computers''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 6]]
* [[Robert Levinson]], [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]], [[Tony Marsland]], [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[David Wilkins]] ('''1991'''). ''The Role of Chess in Artificial Intelligence Research''. [http://dli.iiit.ac.in/ijcai/IJCAI-91-VOL1/CONTENT/content.htm IJCAI 1991], [http://dli.iiit.ac.in/ijcai/IJCAI-91-VOL1/PDF/084.pdf pdf], also in [[ICGA Journal|ICCA Journal]], Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 153-161, [http://www.ai.sri.com/%7Ewilkins/papers/chess-panel.pdf pdf]
* [[Fernand Gobet]], [[Peter Jansen]] ('''1994'''). ''[http://people.brunel.ac.uk/~hsstffg/abstracts/chess_program.html Towards a Chess Program Based on a Model of Human Memory].'' [[Advances in Computer Chess 7]]
==1995 ...==
* [[Ingo Althöfer]] ('''1997'''). ''A Symbiosis of Man and Machine Beats Grandmaster Timoshchenko.'' [[ICGA Journal#20_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 1]]
* [[Ingo Althöfer]] ('''1997'''). ''On the k-best Mode in Computer Chess: Measuring the Similarity of Move Proposals.'' [[ICGA Journal#20_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 3]]
* [[Ingo Althöfer]] ('''1998'''). ''LIST-3-HIRN vs. Grandmaster Yusupov. - A Report on a Very Experimental Match, Part I: The Games.'' [[ICGA Journal#21_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 21, No. 1]]
* [[Ingo Althöfer]] ('''1998'''). ''13 Jahre 3-Hirn – Meine Schach-Experimente mit Mensch-Maschinen-Kombinationen.'' ISBN 3-00-003100-6. (German)
==2000 ...==
* [[Ingo Althöfer]] ('''2001'''). ''Grandmaster Chess with one-sided Computer Help.'' [[ICGA Journal#24_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No.4]]
* [[Marek Strejczek]] ('''2004'''). ''Some aspects of chess programming''. [[Technical University of Łódź]], Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Department of Computer Science, Supervisor [[Maciej Szmit]], [http://nesik.republika.pl/download//SomeAspectsOfChessProgramming.zip zipped pdf], [http://www.top-5000.nl/ps/SomeAspectsOfChessProgramming.pdf pdf]
* [[Henk Mannen]], [[Marco Wiering]] ('''2004'''). ''[http://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=xVas0I8AAAAJ&cstart=20&pagesize=80&citation_for_view=xVas0I8AAAAJ:7PzlFSSx8tAC Learning to play chess using TD(λ)-learning with database games]''. [http://students.uu.nl/en/hum/cognitive-artificial-intelligence Cognitive Artificial Intelligence], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_University Utrecht University], Benelearn’04
==2005 ...==
* [[Fernand Gobet]], [[Peter Jansen]] ('''2005'''). ''Training in Chess: A Scientific Approach''. [http://www.brunel.ac.uk/~hsstffg/preprints/Training_in_chess.PDF pdf]
* [[Aviezri Fraenkel]] ('''2006'''). ''Nim is Easy, Chess is Hard – But Why??'' [[ICGA Journal#29_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 4]], [http://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il/~fraenkel/Papers/ICGA.pdf pdf]
* [[Diego Rasskin-Gutman]] ('''2009'''). ''[http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=11847 Chess Metaphors - Artificial Intelligence and the Human Mind]''. ISBN-13: 978-0-262-18267-6, translated by [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/author/default.asp?aid=36831 Deborah Klosky], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press MIT Press] <ref>[http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=6097 Chess Metaphors – Artificial Intelligence and the Human Mind] by [[Diego Rasskin-Gutman]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], January 28, 2010</ref>
* [[Bernd Blasius]], [[Ralf Tönjes]] ('''2009'''). ''[http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.218701 Zipf's Law in the Popularity Distribution of Chess Openings]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters Physical Review Letters], 103, 218701, [http://www.icbm.de/fileadmin/user_upload/icbm/ag/mathmod/download/BlasiusToenjes2009.pdf pdf] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipf%27s_law Zipf's law from WIkipedia]</ref>
* [[Shay Bushinsky]] ('''2009'''). ''[http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/2255 Deus Ex Machina— A Higher Creative Species in the Game of Chess]''. [[AAAI#AIMAG|AI Magazine]], Vol. 30, No. 3 » [[Artificial Intelligence#MachineCreativity|Machine Creativity]] <ref>[http://en.chessbase.com/post/machine-creativity-what-it-is-and-what-it-isn-t Machine creativity: what it is and what it isn't] by [[Albert Silver]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], August 28, 2016</ref>
==2010 ...==
* [[Christian Hesse]] ('''2011'''). ''[http://www.newinchess.com/The_Joys_of_Chess-p-953.html The Joys of Chess - Heroes, Battles & Brilliancies]''. ISBN: 978-90-5691-355-7, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_In_Chess New In Chess] <ref>[http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=7775 The joys of chess – and the value of the pieces], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], December 21, 2011</ref>
* [[Frédéric Prost]] ('''2012'''). ''On the Impact of Information Technologies on Society: an Historical Perspective through the Game of Chess''. Turing-100. The [[Alan Turing]] Centenary, [http://www.easychair.org/publications/?page=1900403647 EPiC Volume 10]
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2012'''). ''Detecting Fortresses in Chess''. [http://ev.fe.uni-lj.si/ Elektrotehniški vestnik], Vol. 79, Nos. 1-2, [https://ailab.si/matej/doc/Detecting_Fortresses_in_Chess.pdf pdf] » [[Rybka]], [[Houdini]] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64306&start=27 Re: Tony's positional test suite] by [[Louis Zulli]], [[CCC]], August 01, 2017</ref>
* [[Kristian Spoerer]], [[Toshihisa Okaneya]], [[Kokolo Ikeda]], [[Hiroyuki Iida]] ('''2013'''). ''Further Investigations of 3-Member Simple Majority Voting for Chess''. [[CG 2013]]
* [[Katja Grace]] ('''2013'''). ''Algorithmic Progress in Six Domains''. Technical report 2013-3, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Intelligence_Research_Institute Machine Intelligence Research Institute], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California Berkeley, CA], [http://intelligence.org/files/AlgorithmicProgress.pdf pdf], 5 [[Games|Game Playing]], 5.1 [[Chess]], 5.2 [[Go]], 9 [[Learning|Machine Learning]]
* [[Nick Pelling]] ('''2013'''). ''[https://www.amazon.co.uk/Chess-Superminiatures-Nick-Pelling-ebook/dp/B00HEOZ8B6 Chess Superminiatures]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-book eBook], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle Kindle edition], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com Amazon]
* [[John Nunn]] ('''2014'''). ''Maths and Chess''. [[ICGA Journal#37_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 37, No. 4]]
* [[Kenneth Wingate Regan|Kenneth W. Regan]], [[Tamal T. Biswas]], [[Jason Zhou]] ('''2014'''). ''Human and Computer Preferences at Chess''. [http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~regan/papers/pdf/RBZ14aaai.pdf pdf]
==2015 ...==
* [[Tamal T. Biswas]], [[Kenneth Wingate Regan|Kenneth W. Regan]] ('''2015'''). ''Measuring Level-K Reasoning, Satisficing, and Human Error in Game-Play Data''. [[IEEE]] [http://www.icmla-conference.org/icmla15/ ICMLA 2015], [http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~regan/papers/pdf/BiRe15_ICMLA2015.pdf pdf preprint]
* [[Vito Janko]], [[Matej Guid]] ('''2015'''). ''Development of a Program for Playing Progressive Chess''. [[Advances in Computer Games 14]] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_chess Progressive chess from Wikipedia]</ref>
* [[Guy Haworth]], [[Tamal T. Biswas]], [[Kenneth Wingate Regan|Kenneth W. Regan]] ('''2015'''). ''[http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/39431/ A Comparative Review of Skill Assessment: Performance, Prediction and Profiling]''. [[Advances in Computer Games 14]]
* [[Muthuraman Chidambaram]], [[Yanjun Qi]] ('''2017'''). ''Style Transfer Generative Adversarial Networks: Learning to Play Chess Differently''. [https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.06762v1 arXiv:1702.06762v1] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63252 Using GAN to play chess] by Evgeniy Zheltonozhskiy, [[CCC]], February 23, 2017</ref> » [[Neural Networks]]
* [[Lyudmil Tsvetkov]] ('''2017'''). ''[http://www.secretofchess.com/ The Secret of Chess]''. <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64776 The Secret of Chess] by [[Lyudmil Tsvetkov]], [[CCC]], August 01, 2017</ref>
* [[David Silver]], [[Thomas Hubert]], [[Julian Schrittwieser]], [[Ioannis Antonoglou]], [[Matthew Lai]], [[Arthur Guez]], [[Marc Lanctot]], [[Laurent Sifre]], [[Dharshan Kumaran]], [[Thore Graepel]], [[Timothy Lillicrap]], [[Karen Simonyan]], [[Demis Hassabis]] ('''2017'''). ''Mastering Chess and Shogi by Self-Play with a General Reinforcement Learning Algorithm''. [https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.01815 arXiv:1712.01815] » [[AlphaZero]]
=Forum Posts=
==1989==
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/wqAWR7ylU4w/PTvP5DbWadcJ Can Chess Help Adapt to Life?] by [[Michael Valvo|Mike Valvo]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], September 06, 1989
==1990 ...==
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.programmer/0Mctf2NWmr0/wv5AofD6T28J Is chess in NP?] by Antti Juhani Ylikoski, [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.programmer]], May 26, 1997
==2000 ...==
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=272654 Does this position blow up your program?] by [[Michael Byrne|Mike Byrne]], [[CCC]], December 23, 2002
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=424966 Subject: Maximum Number of Legal Moves] by [http://onezero.org/ Andrew Shapira], [[CCC]], May 08, 2005
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=17338 Variants and Board Size] by [[Harm Geert Muller]], [[CCC]], October 25, 2007
==2010 ...==
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=39332 max amount of moves from a position?] by [[Srdja Matovic]], [[CCC]], June 10, 2011
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=41388 Contest: Find Position with the most moves] by [[Charles Roberson]], [[CCC]], December 09, 2011
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=43291 New chess variants] by [[Ferdinand Mosca]], [[CCC]], March 03, 2012 » [[Games#ChessVariants|Chess Variants]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=46490 Chess and the "Golden Ratio"...] by [[Steve Maughan]], [[CCC]], December 19, 2012
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=50473 Chess with incomplete information] by [[Harm Geert Muller]], [[CCC]], December 13, 2013
'''2014'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=51744 Total possible chess positions?] by [[Matthew R. Brades]], [[CCC]], March 26, 2014
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=53734 for Chess-variant authors] by [[Harm Geert Muller]], [[CCC]], September 17, 2014 » [[Chess Engine Communication Protocol]], [[WinBoard]], [[XBoard]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=54124 XBoard and chess variants] by [[Evert Glebbeek]], [[CCC]], October 28, 2014
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=54162 UCCI2WB] by [[Harm Geert Muller]], [[CCC]], October 27, 2014 » [[Chinese Chess]] (Universal Chinese Chess Interface, UCCI)
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=54167 UCI protocol for chess variants] by [[Evert Glebbeek]], [[CCC]], October 28, 2014 » [[UCI]]
==2015 ...==
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=56007 Most common chess variant?] by [[Stefano Gemma]], [[CCC]], April 15, 2015 » [[Games#ChessVariants|Chess Variants]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=57696 The future of chess and elo ratings] by [[Larry Kaufman]], [[CCC]], September 20, 2015 » [[Match Statistics]], [[Opening Book]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=58482 Winboard 4.8.0b and Amazon chess variant] by [[Ferdinand Mosca]], [[CCC]], December 05, 2015 » [[WinBoard]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=58518 Matibay an amazon chess variant engine] by [[Ferdinand Mosca]], [[CCC]], December 08, 2015
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=58533 Masipag, a nightrider chess variant engine] by [[Ferdinand Mosca]], [[CCC]], December 09, 2015
'''2016'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=58808 Grande Acedrex] by [[Harm Geert Muller]], [[CCC]], January 04, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=59080 Tamerlane Chess] by [[Harm Geert Muller]], [[CCC]], January 28, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=60387 New chess variant] by [[Evert Glebbeek]], [[CCC]], June 06, 2016 » [[Games#ChessVariants|Chess Variants]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61792 Max moves in a position] by [[Laurie Tunnicliffe]], [[CCC]], October 22, 2016 » [[Chess#Maxima|Chess Maxima]]
'''2017'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63525 Winboard variants online] by [[Erin Dame]], [[CCC]], March 22, 2017 » [[Games#ChessVariants|Chess Variants]], [[WinBoard]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=65268 The Peace-Chess Challenge] by [[Harm Geert Muller]], [[CCC]], September 24, 2017 » [[Games#ChessVariants|Chess Variants]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=65292 Weakly vs strongly solving chess] by Greg Simpson, [[CCC]], September 26, 2017
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=65962 best board representation for variants (javascript) ?] by [[Mahmoud Uthman]], [[CCC]], December 10, 2017 » [[Board Representation]], [[JavaScript]]
'''2018'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66298 Is modern chess software lossless or lossy?] by Meni Rosenfeld, [[CCC]], January 10, 2018 » [[Playing Strength]], [[Selectivity]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66302 Is chess still 99% tactics?] by [[Alvaro Cardoso]], [[CCC]], January 11, 2018 » [[Tactics]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66364 A Chess variant with low draw rate] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], January 19, 2018 » [[Games#ChessVariants|Chess Variants]]
=External Links=
==Wikipedia==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess Chess from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_theory Chess theory from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_chess Computer chess from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-move_advantage_in_chess First-move advantage in chess from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_chess Outline of chess from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_chess Rules of Chess from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_chess School of chess from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solving_chess Solving chess from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_terminology Glossary of chess from Wikipedia]
==Chess==
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chess Chess from Wikibooks]
* [http://www.chess-museum.com/links.html Welcome to the Chess Museum - Links]
* [http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/earliest.html Earliest Occurrences of Chess Terms] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Winter_%28chess_historian%29 Edward Winter]
* [http://www.chesshistory.com/ Chess History Center - Chess Notes] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Winter_%28chess_historian%29 Edward Winter]
* [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Chess.html Chess] from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld MathWorld - A Wolfram Web Resource] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein Eric W. Weisstein]
==Chess Variants==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_variant Chess variant from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.chessvariants.org/ The Chess Variant Pages] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_L._Bodlaender Hans L. Bodlaender]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_chess Fairy chess from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_chess_piece Fairy chess piece from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.gnu.org/software/xboard/Betza.html Betza notation and XBoard] » [[Moves]], [[XBoard]]
==Misc==
* [http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/projects/chess/ CHESS - Microsoft Research] a tool for finding and reproducing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unusual_software_bug Heisenbugs] in concurrent programs.
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_%28musical%29 Chess (musical) from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p009jfnh BBC World Service Programmes - The Friday Documentary: Seeking The Endgame], by Simon Terrington, with statements by [[David Levy]] et al. <ref>[http://hiarcs.net/forums/viewtopic.php?t=3674 BBC Computer Chess Radio Programme] by [[Harvey Williamson]], [[Computer Chess Forums|Hiarcs Forum]], September 11, 2010</ref>
* [http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20151201-the-cyborg-chess-players-that-cant-be-beaten BBC - Future - The cyborg chess players that can’t be beaten] by [http://www.chrisbaraniuk.com/ Chris Baraniuk], December 04, 2015 » [[David Levy]], [[Boris Alterman]], [[Shay Bushinsky]], [[Mark Lefler]]
* [http://www.permutationpuzzles.org/chess/math_chess.html Mathematics and Chess Page]
* [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/chess SFE - The Science Fiction Encyclopedia - Chess]
* [[Videos#AnthonyBraxton|Anthony Braxton]] Interview - Chess, Math & Music, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgn1gdvgYQo|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
* [[Arts#Duchamp|Marcel Duchamp]] on Chess, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIOyUEGBn-U|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[Main Page|Home]]'''
