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Created page with "'''Home * Games * Checkers''' FILE:CheckersStandard.jpg|border|right|thumb| Checkers board <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkers Checkers (English..."
'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Games]] * Checkers'''
[[FILE:CheckersStandard.jpg|border|right|thumb| Checkers board <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkers Checkers (English draughts) from Wikipedia]</ref> ]]
'''Checkers''',
also American Checkers or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_draughts English draughts], is a variant of [[Draughts]] played on an eight by eight board using 32 either dark or light [[Squares|squares]]. Like [[Chess]], Checkers is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-player_game two-player] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-sum_%28game_theory%29 zero-sum] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_information perfect information] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_strategy abstract strategy] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_game board game].
=Rules=
Each side starts with twelve checkers, placed on the three back-ranks. Black moves first, alternating with White - there is no passing move. Checkers move one step diagonally forward, kings diagonally forward and backward. When a checker reaches the last rank, it promotes to a king. Checkers and king capture men by jumping over them to an empty square behind (checkers only forward). Captures are compulsory, one must play a capture if at least one is available, and is required to continue jumping and capturing as part of the same turn. However, a checker reaching the last row must stop to be crowned and can move no further on that turn <ref>[http://www.bobnewell.net/pmwiki/index.php?n=CheckerMaven.RulesOfCheckers Mr. Fred Investments | CheckerMaven / RulesOfCheckers]</ref>. The side run out of moves loses.
=[[Computer Olympiad|Computer Olympiads]]=
* [[1st Computer Olympiad#Checkers|1st Computer Olympiad, London 1989]]
* [[2nd Computer Olympiad#Checkers|2nd Computer Olympiad, London 1990]]
=Solving Checkers=
In 2007, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook_%28draughts_player%29 Chinook] team around [[Jonathan Schaeffer]] declared Checkers [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solved_game solved] <ref>[[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Neil Burch]], [[Yngvi Björnsson]], [[Akihiro Kishimoto]], [[Martin Müller]], [[Rob Lake]], [[Paul Lu]], [[Steve Sutphen]] ('''2007'''). ''Checkers is Solved''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_%28magazine%29 Science], Vol. 317 (5844). Work named by Science Magazine as one of the 10 most important scientific achievements of 2007</ref> <ref>[http://www.sciencemag.org/content/317/5844/1518.abstract?keytype=ref&siteid=sci&ijkey=jVmVcXy2%2FNTnY Checkers Is Solved]</ref> <ref>[http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~chinook/publications/solving_checkers.html Chinook - Solving Checkers]</ref>.
=Programs=
The first Checkers program was written by [[Christopher Strachey]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Development_Corporation National Research Development Corporation], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London London], in the early 1950s to run on a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_ACE Pilot ACE] at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory,_UK National Physical Laboratory], exhausting its memory <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Strachey Christopher Strachey from Wikipedia]</ref>, and soon ported to the [[Ferranti Mark 1]] <ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/37146/artificial-intelligence-AI/219091/Early-milestones-in-AI?anchor=ref739464 artificial intelligence (AI) :: Early milestones in AI] from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica Britannica Online Encyclopedia]</ref> <ref>[[Christopher Strachey]] ('''1952'''). ''[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=800259.808992 Logical or non-mathematical programmes]''. Proceedings of the 1952 ACM national meeting</ref>. His checkers program from 1966 <ref>[[Christopher Strachey]] ('''1966'''). ''[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=system-analysis-and-programming-christopher-strachey System Analysis and Programming]''. [[Scientific American]], September 1966, republished August 23, 2011</ref> written in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPL_%28programming_language%29 CPL] is available on-line, in a corrected version with courtesy of [[Peter Norvig]] <ref>[http://norvig.com/sciam/checkers-complete.html Complete Annotated Strachey Checkers Program] by [[Peter Norvig]]</ref> <ref>[http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/at-scientific-american/2011/08/23/systems-analysis-look-back-1966-scientific-american-article/ Prescient but Not Perfect: A Look Back at a 1966 Scientific American Article on Systems Analysis] by [[Peter Norvig]], August 23, 2011</ref>. The second program was written in 1956 by [[Arthur Samuel]] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_draughts#Computer_players English draughts - Computer players from Wikipedia]</ref>:
==American checkers==
* [http://www.fierz.ch/cake.php Cake] by [[Martin Fierz]]
* [https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/program.php?id=337 Checker!] by [[Gil Dodgen]]
* [https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/program.php?id=341 Checker Hustler] by [[Derek Oldbury]]
* [https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/program.php?id=390 Checkermate] by [[Derek Oldbury]] and [[Adrian Millett]]
* [http://www.aifactory.co.uk/AIF_Games_Checkers.htm Checkers] from [[AI Factory]]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook_%28draughts_player%29 Chinook] by [[Jonathan Schaeffer]] et al. <ref>[http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~chinook/publications/solving_checkers.html Chinook - Solving Checkers]</ref>
* [https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/program.php?id=389 Colossus Draughts] by [[Martin Bryant]]
* [http://checkersbackground.com/samuel-s-and-the.html The Duke program] by [[Eric Jensen]], [[Tom Truscott]] and [[Alan Biermann]]
* [http://edgilbert.org/Checkers/KingsRow.htm KingsRow] by [[Ed Gilbert]]
* [http://www.nemesis.info/index.html Nemesis] by [[Murray Cash]]
* [https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/program.php?id=340 Sage Draughts] by [[Adrian Millett]]
* [https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/program.php?id=338 Tournament Checkers] by [https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/person.php?id=314 David Butler]
* [http://www.wylliedraughts.com/ Wyllie] by [[Roberto Waldteufel]]
==Classical checkers==
* [[Alvaro Cardoso#Profound|Profound]] by [[Alvaro Cardoso]]
* [http://alemanni.pagesperso-orange.fr/downloads2.html Windamas] by [[Jean-Bernard Alemanni]]
=See also=
* [[Draughts]]
=Selected Publications=
==1952 ...==
* [[Christopher Strachey]] ('''1952'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=808992 Logical or non-mathematical Programs]''. Proceedings of the [[ACM]] Conference, Toronto, reprinted in [[David Levy]] (ed.) ('''1988'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4613-8716-9 Computer Games I]''.
* [[Arthur Samuel]] ('''1959'''). ''[http://domino.watson.ibm.com/tchjr/journalindex.nsf/600cc5649e2871db852568150060213c/39a870213169f45685256bfa00683d74!OpenDocument Some Studies in Machine Learning Using the Game of Checkers]''. IBM Journal July 1959, reprinted in [[David Levy]] (ed.) ('''1988'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4613-8716-9 Computer Games I]''. <ref>[http://www.abaa.org/books/245839575.html Some studies in machine learning using the game of checkers by Arthur Lee Samuel from Jeremy Norman's Historyofscience.com - Used Book - Paperback - First Edition]</ref>
==1960 ...==
* [[Arnold K. Griffith]] ('''1966'''). ''[http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/5896#files-area A new Machine-Learning Technique applied to the Game of Checkers]''. [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory#Project_MAC Project MAC], MAC-M-293
* [[Christopher Strachey]] ('''1966'''). ''[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=system-analysis-and-programming-christopher-strachey System Analysis and Programming]''. [[Scientific American]], September 1966, re-published August 23, 2011
* [[Arthur Samuel]] ('''1967'''). ''Some Studies in Machine Learning. Using the Game of Checkers. II-Recent Progress''. [https://researcher.ibm.com/researcher/files/us-beygel/samuel-checkers.pdf pdf]
==1970 ...==
* [[Arnold K. Griffith]] ('''1974'''). ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0004370274900277 A Comparison and Evaluation of Three Machine Learning Procedures as Applied to the Game of Checkers]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 5, No. 2
* [[Aviezri Fraenkel]], [[Mathematician#MRGarey|Michael R. Garey]], [[Mathematician#DSJohnson|David S. Johnson]], [[Mathematician#TCSchaefer|Thomas J. Schaefer]], [[Mathematician#YYesha|Yaacov Yesha]] ('''1978'''). ''The Complexity of Checkers on an N * N Board''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/focs/focs78.html#FraenkelGJSY78 FOCS 1978]
* [[Tom Truscott]] ('''1978'''). ''Computer-Checkers''. [[Personal Computing#2_9|Personal Computing, Vol. 2, No. 9]], pp. 86
* Editor ('''1979'''). ''Computer Checkers''. [[Personal Computing#3_2|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 2]], pp. 73
* Editor ('''1979'''). ''Computer Checkers''. [[Personal Computing#3_4|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 4]], pp. 70
* Editor ('''1979'''). ''Computer Checkers - A Checkers Program''. [[Personal Computing#3_5|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 5]], pp. 60
* Editor ('''1979'''). ''Computer Checkers - The Tinsely Challange''. [[Personal Computing#3_7|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 7]], pp. 88
==1980 ...==
* Editor ('''1980'''). ''A Checkers Debate''. [[Personal Computing#4_5|Personal Computing, Vol. 4, No. 5]], pp. 83 » [[Martin Gardner]]
==1990 ...==
* [[Jonathan Schaeffer]] ('''1991'''). ''Checkers, a Preview of what will Happen in Chess?'' [[ICGA Journal#14_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 2]]
* [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Joe Culberson]], [[Norman Treloar]], [[Brent Knight]], [[Paul Lu]], [[Duane Szafron]] ('''1991'''). ''Checkers Program to Challenge for World Championship''. SIGART Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 2
* [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Joe Culberson]], [[Norman Treloar]], [[Brent Knight]], [[Paul Lu]], [[Duane Szafron]] ('''1991'''). ''Reviving the Game of Checkers''. [[2nd Computer Olympiad#Workshop|Heuristic Programming in AI 2]]
* [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Norman Treloar]], [[Paul Lu]], [[Rob Lake]] ('''1993'''). ''[http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/1040 Man Versus Machine for the World Checkers Championship]''. [http://www.aaai.org/Magazine/magazine.php AI Magazine], Vol. 14, No. 2 » [[WCCC 1992#Workshop|WCCC 1992 - Workshop]] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Tinsley#Vs._Chinook Marion Tinsley vs. Chinook - Wikipedia]</ref>
: [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Norman Treloar]], [[Paul Lu]], [[Rob Lake]] ('''1993'''). ''Man Versus Machine for the World Checkers Championship''. [[ICGA Journal#16_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 2]]
==1995 ...==
* [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Rob Lake]] ('''1996'''). ''Solving the Game of Checkers''. [http://library.msri.org/books/Book29/index.html Games of No Chance] edited by [[Richard J. Nowakowski]], [http://library.msri.org/books/Book29/files/schaeffer.pdf pdf]
* [[J. Ignacio Giráldez]], [[Daniel Borrajo]] ('''1998'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-48957-6_11 Distributed Decision Making in Checkers]''. [[CG 1998]]
* [[Kumar Chellapilla]], [[David B. Fogel]] ('''1999'''). ''[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=809083 Evolving Neural Networks to Play Checkers without Expert Knowledge]''. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 1382-1391.
==2000 ...==
* [[Kumar Chellapilla]], [[David B. Fogel]] ('''2001'''). ''[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=942536 Evolving an Expert Checkers Playing Program without Using Human Expertise]''. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp.422-428
* [[Jonathan Schaeffer]] ('''2001'''). ''[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/contents/content24-3.htm#TECHNOLOGY%20TRANSFER Technology Transfer from One High-Performance Search Engine to Another]''. [[ICGA Journal#24_3|ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 3]]
* [[David B. Fogel]] ('''2002'''). ''Blondie24: Playing at the Edge of AI''. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc., San Francisco, CA. ISBN 1-55860-783-8, [http://www.amazon.com/Blondie24-Playing-Kaufmann-Artificial-Intelligence/dp/1558607838 amazon.com] <ref>[http://www.jimloy.com/checkers/blondie.htm Blondie24 by David B. Fogel], Book Review, © Copyright 2003, [http://www.jimloy.com/ Jim Loy]</ref>
* [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Yngvi Björnsson]], [[Neil Burch]], [[Rob Lake]], [[Paul Lu]], [[Steve Sutphen]] ('''2003'''). ''Building the Checkers 10-Piece Endgame Databases.'' [[Advances in Computer Games 10]]. [http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/%7Ejonathan/Grad/Papers/databases10.pdf pdf] » [[Endgame Tablebases]]
* [[Ed Trice]], [[Gil Dodgen]] ('''2003'''). ''[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/contents/content26-4.htm#7%20piece The Perfect 7-Piece Checkers Database]''. [[ICGA Journal#26_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 4]] » [[Endgame Tablebases]]
==2005 ...==
* [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Yngvi Björnsson]], [[Neil Burch]], [[Akihiro Kishimoto]], [[Martin Müller]], [[Rob Lake]], [[Paul Lu]], [[Steve Sutphen]] ('''2005'''). ''Solving Checkers''. [[Conferences#IJCAI2005|IJCAI 2005]]
* [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Neil Burch]], [[Yngvi Björnsson]], [[Akihiro Kishimoto]], [[Martin Müller]], [[Rob Lake]], [[Paul Lu]], [[Steve Sutphen]] ('''2007'''). ''[http://www.sciencemag.org/content/317/5844/1518.abstract Checkers is Solved]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_%28journal%29 Science], Vol. 317, no. 5844
* [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/indices/a-tree/k/Kusiak:Magdalena.html Magdalena Kusiak], [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/indices/a-tree/w/Waledzik:Karol.html Karol Walędzik], [[Jacek Mańdziuk]] ('''2007'''). ''Evolutionary Approach to the Game of Checkers''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/icannga/icannga2007-1.html#KusiakWM07 8. ICANNGA], [http://www.mini.pw.edu.pl/~mandziuk/PRACE/ICANNGA07-1.pdf pdf]
* [[Jonathan Schaeffer]] ('''1997, 2009'''). ''[http://www.springer.com/computer/artificial/book/978-0-387-76575-4 One Jump Ahead] Challenging Human Supremacy in Checkers''. Springer, ISBN 0-387-94930-5, ISBN 978-0-387-76575-4
* [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/pers/hd/a/Al=Khateeb:Belal Belal Al-Khateeb], [[Graham Kendall]] ('''2009'''). ''Introducing a round robin tournament into Blondie24''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/cig/cig2009.html#Al-KhateebK09 CIG 2009]
==2010 ...==
* [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/indices/a-tree/w/Waledzik:Karol.html Karol Walędzik], [[Jacek Mańdziuk]] ('''2010'''). ''The Layered Learning method and its Application to Generation of Evaluation Functions for the Game of Checkers''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/ppsn/ppsn2010-2.html#WaledzikM10 11. PPSN], [http://www.mini.pw.edu.pl/~mandziuk/PRACE/PPSN10.pdf pdf]
* [[João Guerra]] ('''2011'''). ''Classical Checkers''. Masters thesis, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Lisbon Technical University of Lisbon], [https://dspace.ist.utl.pt/bitstream/2295/1051359/1/dissertacao.pdf pdf]
* [[Aart Bik]] ('''2012'''). ''Computing Deep Perft and Divide Numbers for Checkers''. [[ICGA Journal#35_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 35, No. 4]] » [[Perft]]
* [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/pers/hd/a/Al=Khateeb:Belal Belal Al-Khateeb], [[Graham Kendall]] ('''2012'''). ''Effect of Look-Ahead Depth in Evolutionary Checkers''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/journals/jcst/jcst27.html#Al-KhateebK12 Journal of Computer Science and Technology, Vol. 27], No. 5
* [[Danilo Carvalho]], [[Minh Le Nguyen]], [[Hiroyuki Iida]] ('''2017'''). ''An Analysis of Majority Voting in Homogeneous Groups for Checkers: Understanding Group Performance through Unbalance''. [[Advances in Computer Games 15]], [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318718797_An_Analysis_of_Majority_Voting_in_Homogeneous_Groups_for_Checkers_Understanding_Group_Performance_through_Unbalance?ev=prf_high ResearchGate]
=Forum Posts=
==1990 ...==
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/TLrfJWhG8l0/g3LAwMxYFxgJ A taste of things to come?] by [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], September 01, 1990
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/oGxblycMMOo/OVMJxRpiEgwJ Checkers match] by [[Murray Campbell]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], August 20, 1992
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/ieXFLZSIlGo/S4-8k9tvtWQJ Man vs. Machine World Checkers Championship (day 5)] by [[Rob Lake|Robert Lake]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], August 21, 1992
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/Y-qJTq--zBQ/OztCF1eaXOUJ Tinsley vs. Chinook?] by Robert Williams, [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], August 16, 1994
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/4SZY5cxp8wI/6DcEAhUEpgUJ Silicon Graphics World Checkers Championship] by [[Rob Lake|Robert Lake]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], August 16, 1994
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/gXSmAjNdM60/fZfxspiOq60J Silicon Graphics World Checkers Championship - day 3] by [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], August 18, 1994
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/4kE5IqBPb0Y/Js0nawCyu-cJ Checkers Championship - additional information] by [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], August 20, 1994
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/_bc_FD4tSFI/nZq6ifCR58cJ PDN - Portable Draughts Notation] by [[Adrian Millett|Pc Sol]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], July 22, 1995
==2000 ...==
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=27814 perft for 8x8 checkers] by [[Aart Bik]], [[CCC]], May 08, 2009 » [[Perft]]
==2010 ...==
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?start=0&t=37634 WinBoard, exotic version] by [[Harm Geert Muller]], [[CCC]], January 15, 2011 » [[WinBoard]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=38554 UCT surprise for checkers !] by [[Daniel Shawul]], [[CCC]], March 25, 2011
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63153 Checkers Is Strongly-Solved for 8-pieces] by [[Ed Trice]], [[CCC]], February 12, 2017
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64487 Checkers Bitboard representation] by Pranav Deshpande, [[CCC]], July 02, 2017 » [[Bitboards]]
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkers Checkers (English draughts) from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.bobnewell.net/nucleus/checkers.php The Checker Maven]
* [http://www.usacheckers.com/index.php The American Checker Federation - Welcome to the ACF website]
* [https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/game.php?id=5 Checkers (ICGA Tournaments)]
* [http://aitopics.org/topic/checkers AITopics / Checkers]
* [http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/%7Echinook/project/ Chinook - World Man-Machine Checkers Champion]
* [http://www.fierz.ch/history.htm A brief history of computer checkers] by [[Martin Fierz]]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Tinsley Marion Tinsley from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.nemesis.info/2002%20world%20computer%20championship.htm 2002 World Computer Championship]
* [http://www.fierz.ch/vegas.htm Las Vegas computer checker championship] by [[Martin Fierz]]
* [http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3997 500 billion billion moves later, computers solve checkers] from [[ChessBase|ChessBase news]], July 19, 2007
* [http://www.fierz.ch/checkerboard.php CheckerBoard] by [[Martin Fierz]]
* [http://checker-board.blogspot.com/ CheckerBoard], A blog on checkers programming by [[Martin Fierz]]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Draughts_Notation Portable Draughts Notation from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.3dkingdoms.com/checkers/bitboards.htm Checker Bitboards Tutorial] by [[Jonathan Kreuzer]]
* [http://www.3dkingdoms.com/checkers.htm Gui Checkers 1.05] by [[Jonathan Kreuzer]]
* [http://checker-board.blogspot.com/2009/02/perft-for-checkers.html Perft for Checkers] » [[Perft]] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=27814 perft for 8x8 checkers] by [[Aart Bik]], [[CCC]], May 08, 2009</ref>
* [http://alemanni.pagesperso-orange.fr/index.html Welcome to the checkers programs page] by [[Jean-Bernard Alemanni]]
* [https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/07/marion-tinsley-checkers/534111/ How Checkers Was Solved] by [https://www.theatlantic.com/author/alexis-madrigal/ Alexis C. Madrigal], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic The Atlantic - World Edition], July 19, 2017
=References=
<references />
'''[[Games|Up one Level]]'''
[[FILE:CheckersStandard.jpg|border|right|thumb| Checkers board <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkers Checkers (English draughts) from Wikipedia]</ref> ]]
'''Checkers''',
also American Checkers or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_draughts English draughts], is a variant of [[Draughts]] played on an eight by eight board using 32 either dark or light [[Squares|squares]]. Like [[Chess]], Checkers is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-player_game two-player] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-sum_%28game_theory%29 zero-sum] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_information perfect information] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_strategy abstract strategy] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_game board game].
=Rules=
Each side starts with twelve checkers, placed on the three back-ranks. Black moves first, alternating with White - there is no passing move. Checkers move one step diagonally forward, kings diagonally forward and backward. When a checker reaches the last rank, it promotes to a king. Checkers and king capture men by jumping over them to an empty square behind (checkers only forward). Captures are compulsory, one must play a capture if at least one is available, and is required to continue jumping and capturing as part of the same turn. However, a checker reaching the last row must stop to be crowned and can move no further on that turn <ref>[http://www.bobnewell.net/pmwiki/index.php?n=CheckerMaven.RulesOfCheckers Mr. Fred Investments | CheckerMaven / RulesOfCheckers]</ref>. The side run out of moves loses.
=[[Computer Olympiad|Computer Olympiads]]=
* [[1st Computer Olympiad#Checkers|1st Computer Olympiad, London 1989]]
* [[2nd Computer Olympiad#Checkers|2nd Computer Olympiad, London 1990]]
=Solving Checkers=
In 2007, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook_%28draughts_player%29 Chinook] team around [[Jonathan Schaeffer]] declared Checkers [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solved_game solved] <ref>[[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Neil Burch]], [[Yngvi Björnsson]], [[Akihiro Kishimoto]], [[Martin Müller]], [[Rob Lake]], [[Paul Lu]], [[Steve Sutphen]] ('''2007'''). ''Checkers is Solved''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_%28magazine%29 Science], Vol. 317 (5844). Work named by Science Magazine as one of the 10 most important scientific achievements of 2007</ref> <ref>[http://www.sciencemag.org/content/317/5844/1518.abstract?keytype=ref&siteid=sci&ijkey=jVmVcXy2%2FNTnY Checkers Is Solved]</ref> <ref>[http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~chinook/publications/solving_checkers.html Chinook - Solving Checkers]</ref>.
=Programs=
The first Checkers program was written by [[Christopher Strachey]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Development_Corporation National Research Development Corporation], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London London], in the early 1950s to run on a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_ACE Pilot ACE] at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory,_UK National Physical Laboratory], exhausting its memory <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Strachey Christopher Strachey from Wikipedia]</ref>, and soon ported to the [[Ferranti Mark 1]] <ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/37146/artificial-intelligence-AI/219091/Early-milestones-in-AI?anchor=ref739464 artificial intelligence (AI) :: Early milestones in AI] from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica Britannica Online Encyclopedia]</ref> <ref>[[Christopher Strachey]] ('''1952'''). ''[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=800259.808992 Logical or non-mathematical programmes]''. Proceedings of the 1952 ACM national meeting</ref>. His checkers program from 1966 <ref>[[Christopher Strachey]] ('''1966'''). ''[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=system-analysis-and-programming-christopher-strachey System Analysis and Programming]''. [[Scientific American]], September 1966, republished August 23, 2011</ref> written in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPL_%28programming_language%29 CPL] is available on-line, in a corrected version with courtesy of [[Peter Norvig]] <ref>[http://norvig.com/sciam/checkers-complete.html Complete Annotated Strachey Checkers Program] by [[Peter Norvig]]</ref> <ref>[http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/at-scientific-american/2011/08/23/systems-analysis-look-back-1966-scientific-american-article/ Prescient but Not Perfect: A Look Back at a 1966 Scientific American Article on Systems Analysis] by [[Peter Norvig]], August 23, 2011</ref>. The second program was written in 1956 by [[Arthur Samuel]] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_draughts#Computer_players English draughts - Computer players from Wikipedia]</ref>:
==American checkers==
* [http://www.fierz.ch/cake.php Cake] by [[Martin Fierz]]
* [https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/program.php?id=337 Checker!] by [[Gil Dodgen]]
* [https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/program.php?id=341 Checker Hustler] by [[Derek Oldbury]]
* [https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/program.php?id=390 Checkermate] by [[Derek Oldbury]] and [[Adrian Millett]]
* [http://www.aifactory.co.uk/AIF_Games_Checkers.htm Checkers] from [[AI Factory]]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook_%28draughts_player%29 Chinook] by [[Jonathan Schaeffer]] et al. <ref>[http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~chinook/publications/solving_checkers.html Chinook - Solving Checkers]</ref>
* [https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/program.php?id=389 Colossus Draughts] by [[Martin Bryant]]
* [http://checkersbackground.com/samuel-s-and-the.html The Duke program] by [[Eric Jensen]], [[Tom Truscott]] and [[Alan Biermann]]
* [http://edgilbert.org/Checkers/KingsRow.htm KingsRow] by [[Ed Gilbert]]
* [http://www.nemesis.info/index.html Nemesis] by [[Murray Cash]]
* [https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/program.php?id=340 Sage Draughts] by [[Adrian Millett]]
* [https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/program.php?id=338 Tournament Checkers] by [https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/person.php?id=314 David Butler]
* [http://www.wylliedraughts.com/ Wyllie] by [[Roberto Waldteufel]]
==Classical checkers==
* [[Alvaro Cardoso#Profound|Profound]] by [[Alvaro Cardoso]]
* [http://alemanni.pagesperso-orange.fr/downloads2.html Windamas] by [[Jean-Bernard Alemanni]]
=See also=
* [[Draughts]]
=Selected Publications=
==1952 ...==
* [[Christopher Strachey]] ('''1952'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=808992 Logical or non-mathematical Programs]''. Proceedings of the [[ACM]] Conference, Toronto, reprinted in [[David Levy]] (ed.) ('''1988'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4613-8716-9 Computer Games I]''.
* [[Arthur Samuel]] ('''1959'''). ''[http://domino.watson.ibm.com/tchjr/journalindex.nsf/600cc5649e2871db852568150060213c/39a870213169f45685256bfa00683d74!OpenDocument Some Studies in Machine Learning Using the Game of Checkers]''. IBM Journal July 1959, reprinted in [[David Levy]] (ed.) ('''1988'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4613-8716-9 Computer Games I]''. <ref>[http://www.abaa.org/books/245839575.html Some studies in machine learning using the game of checkers by Arthur Lee Samuel from Jeremy Norman's Historyofscience.com - Used Book - Paperback - First Edition]</ref>
==1960 ...==
* [[Arnold K. Griffith]] ('''1966'''). ''[http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/5896#files-area A new Machine-Learning Technique applied to the Game of Checkers]''. [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory#Project_MAC Project MAC], MAC-M-293
* [[Christopher Strachey]] ('''1966'''). ''[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=system-analysis-and-programming-christopher-strachey System Analysis and Programming]''. [[Scientific American]], September 1966, re-published August 23, 2011
* [[Arthur Samuel]] ('''1967'''). ''Some Studies in Machine Learning. Using the Game of Checkers. II-Recent Progress''. [https://researcher.ibm.com/researcher/files/us-beygel/samuel-checkers.pdf pdf]
==1970 ...==
* [[Arnold K. Griffith]] ('''1974'''). ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0004370274900277 A Comparison and Evaluation of Three Machine Learning Procedures as Applied to the Game of Checkers]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 5, No. 2
* [[Aviezri Fraenkel]], [[Mathematician#MRGarey|Michael R. Garey]], [[Mathematician#DSJohnson|David S. Johnson]], [[Mathematician#TCSchaefer|Thomas J. Schaefer]], [[Mathematician#YYesha|Yaacov Yesha]] ('''1978'''). ''The Complexity of Checkers on an N * N Board''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/focs/focs78.html#FraenkelGJSY78 FOCS 1978]
* [[Tom Truscott]] ('''1978'''). ''Computer-Checkers''. [[Personal Computing#2_9|Personal Computing, Vol. 2, No. 9]], pp. 86
* Editor ('''1979'''). ''Computer Checkers''. [[Personal Computing#3_2|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 2]], pp. 73
* Editor ('''1979'''). ''Computer Checkers''. [[Personal Computing#3_4|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 4]], pp. 70
* Editor ('''1979'''). ''Computer Checkers - A Checkers Program''. [[Personal Computing#3_5|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 5]], pp. 60
* Editor ('''1979'''). ''Computer Checkers - The Tinsely Challange''. [[Personal Computing#3_7|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 7]], pp. 88
==1980 ...==
* Editor ('''1980'''). ''A Checkers Debate''. [[Personal Computing#4_5|Personal Computing, Vol. 4, No. 5]], pp. 83 » [[Martin Gardner]]
==1990 ...==
* [[Jonathan Schaeffer]] ('''1991'''). ''Checkers, a Preview of what will Happen in Chess?'' [[ICGA Journal#14_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 2]]
* [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Joe Culberson]], [[Norman Treloar]], [[Brent Knight]], [[Paul Lu]], [[Duane Szafron]] ('''1991'''). ''Checkers Program to Challenge for World Championship''. SIGART Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 2
* [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Joe Culberson]], [[Norman Treloar]], [[Brent Knight]], [[Paul Lu]], [[Duane Szafron]] ('''1991'''). ''Reviving the Game of Checkers''. [[2nd Computer Olympiad#Workshop|Heuristic Programming in AI 2]]
* [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Norman Treloar]], [[Paul Lu]], [[Rob Lake]] ('''1993'''). ''[http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/1040 Man Versus Machine for the World Checkers Championship]''. [http://www.aaai.org/Magazine/magazine.php AI Magazine], Vol. 14, No. 2 » [[WCCC 1992#Workshop|WCCC 1992 - Workshop]] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Tinsley#Vs._Chinook Marion Tinsley vs. Chinook - Wikipedia]</ref>
: [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Norman Treloar]], [[Paul Lu]], [[Rob Lake]] ('''1993'''). ''Man Versus Machine for the World Checkers Championship''. [[ICGA Journal#16_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 2]]
==1995 ...==
* [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Rob Lake]] ('''1996'''). ''Solving the Game of Checkers''. [http://library.msri.org/books/Book29/index.html Games of No Chance] edited by [[Richard J. Nowakowski]], [http://library.msri.org/books/Book29/files/schaeffer.pdf pdf]
* [[J. Ignacio Giráldez]], [[Daniel Borrajo]] ('''1998'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-48957-6_11 Distributed Decision Making in Checkers]''. [[CG 1998]]
* [[Kumar Chellapilla]], [[David B. Fogel]] ('''1999'''). ''[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=809083 Evolving Neural Networks to Play Checkers without Expert Knowledge]''. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 1382-1391.
==2000 ...==
* [[Kumar Chellapilla]], [[David B. Fogel]] ('''2001'''). ''[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=942536 Evolving an Expert Checkers Playing Program without Using Human Expertise]''. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp.422-428
* [[Jonathan Schaeffer]] ('''2001'''). ''[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/contents/content24-3.htm#TECHNOLOGY%20TRANSFER Technology Transfer from One High-Performance Search Engine to Another]''. [[ICGA Journal#24_3|ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 3]]
* [[David B. Fogel]] ('''2002'''). ''Blondie24: Playing at the Edge of AI''. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc., San Francisco, CA. ISBN 1-55860-783-8, [http://www.amazon.com/Blondie24-Playing-Kaufmann-Artificial-Intelligence/dp/1558607838 amazon.com] <ref>[http://www.jimloy.com/checkers/blondie.htm Blondie24 by David B. Fogel], Book Review, © Copyright 2003, [http://www.jimloy.com/ Jim Loy]</ref>
* [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Yngvi Björnsson]], [[Neil Burch]], [[Rob Lake]], [[Paul Lu]], [[Steve Sutphen]] ('''2003'''). ''Building the Checkers 10-Piece Endgame Databases.'' [[Advances in Computer Games 10]]. [http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/%7Ejonathan/Grad/Papers/databases10.pdf pdf] » [[Endgame Tablebases]]
* [[Ed Trice]], [[Gil Dodgen]] ('''2003'''). ''[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/contents/content26-4.htm#7%20piece The Perfect 7-Piece Checkers Database]''. [[ICGA Journal#26_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 4]] » [[Endgame Tablebases]]
==2005 ...==
* [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Yngvi Björnsson]], [[Neil Burch]], [[Akihiro Kishimoto]], [[Martin Müller]], [[Rob Lake]], [[Paul Lu]], [[Steve Sutphen]] ('''2005'''). ''Solving Checkers''. [[Conferences#IJCAI2005|IJCAI 2005]]
* [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Neil Burch]], [[Yngvi Björnsson]], [[Akihiro Kishimoto]], [[Martin Müller]], [[Rob Lake]], [[Paul Lu]], [[Steve Sutphen]] ('''2007'''). ''[http://www.sciencemag.org/content/317/5844/1518.abstract Checkers is Solved]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_%28journal%29 Science], Vol. 317, no. 5844
* [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/indices/a-tree/k/Kusiak:Magdalena.html Magdalena Kusiak], [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/indices/a-tree/w/Waledzik:Karol.html Karol Walędzik], [[Jacek Mańdziuk]] ('''2007'''). ''Evolutionary Approach to the Game of Checkers''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/icannga/icannga2007-1.html#KusiakWM07 8. ICANNGA], [http://www.mini.pw.edu.pl/~mandziuk/PRACE/ICANNGA07-1.pdf pdf]
* [[Jonathan Schaeffer]] ('''1997, 2009'''). ''[http://www.springer.com/computer/artificial/book/978-0-387-76575-4 One Jump Ahead] Challenging Human Supremacy in Checkers''. Springer, ISBN 0-387-94930-5, ISBN 978-0-387-76575-4
* [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/pers/hd/a/Al=Khateeb:Belal Belal Al-Khateeb], [[Graham Kendall]] ('''2009'''). ''Introducing a round robin tournament into Blondie24''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/cig/cig2009.html#Al-KhateebK09 CIG 2009]
==2010 ...==
* [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/indices/a-tree/w/Waledzik:Karol.html Karol Walędzik], [[Jacek Mańdziuk]] ('''2010'''). ''The Layered Learning method and its Application to Generation of Evaluation Functions for the Game of Checkers''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/ppsn/ppsn2010-2.html#WaledzikM10 11. PPSN], [http://www.mini.pw.edu.pl/~mandziuk/PRACE/PPSN10.pdf pdf]
* [[João Guerra]] ('''2011'''). ''Classical Checkers''. Masters thesis, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Lisbon Technical University of Lisbon], [https://dspace.ist.utl.pt/bitstream/2295/1051359/1/dissertacao.pdf pdf]
* [[Aart Bik]] ('''2012'''). ''Computing Deep Perft and Divide Numbers for Checkers''. [[ICGA Journal#35_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 35, No. 4]] » [[Perft]]
* [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/pers/hd/a/Al=Khateeb:Belal Belal Al-Khateeb], [[Graham Kendall]] ('''2012'''). ''Effect of Look-Ahead Depth in Evolutionary Checkers''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/journals/jcst/jcst27.html#Al-KhateebK12 Journal of Computer Science and Technology, Vol. 27], No. 5
* [[Danilo Carvalho]], [[Minh Le Nguyen]], [[Hiroyuki Iida]] ('''2017'''). ''An Analysis of Majority Voting in Homogeneous Groups for Checkers: Understanding Group Performance through Unbalance''. [[Advances in Computer Games 15]], [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318718797_An_Analysis_of_Majority_Voting_in_Homogeneous_Groups_for_Checkers_Understanding_Group_Performance_through_Unbalance?ev=prf_high ResearchGate]
=Forum Posts=
==1990 ...==
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/TLrfJWhG8l0/g3LAwMxYFxgJ A taste of things to come?] by [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], September 01, 1990
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/oGxblycMMOo/OVMJxRpiEgwJ Checkers match] by [[Murray Campbell]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], August 20, 1992
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/ieXFLZSIlGo/S4-8k9tvtWQJ Man vs. Machine World Checkers Championship (day 5)] by [[Rob Lake|Robert Lake]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], August 21, 1992
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/Y-qJTq--zBQ/OztCF1eaXOUJ Tinsley vs. Chinook?] by Robert Williams, [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], August 16, 1994
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/4SZY5cxp8wI/6DcEAhUEpgUJ Silicon Graphics World Checkers Championship] by [[Rob Lake|Robert Lake]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], August 16, 1994
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/gXSmAjNdM60/fZfxspiOq60J Silicon Graphics World Checkers Championship - day 3] by [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], August 18, 1994
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/4kE5IqBPb0Y/Js0nawCyu-cJ Checkers Championship - additional information] by [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], August 20, 1994
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/_bc_FD4tSFI/nZq6ifCR58cJ PDN - Portable Draughts Notation] by [[Adrian Millett|Pc Sol]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], July 22, 1995
==2000 ...==
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=27814 perft for 8x8 checkers] by [[Aart Bik]], [[CCC]], May 08, 2009 » [[Perft]]
==2010 ...==
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?start=0&t=37634 WinBoard, exotic version] by [[Harm Geert Muller]], [[CCC]], January 15, 2011 » [[WinBoard]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=38554 UCT surprise for checkers !] by [[Daniel Shawul]], [[CCC]], March 25, 2011
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63153 Checkers Is Strongly-Solved for 8-pieces] by [[Ed Trice]], [[CCC]], February 12, 2017
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64487 Checkers Bitboard representation] by Pranav Deshpande, [[CCC]], July 02, 2017 » [[Bitboards]]
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkers Checkers (English draughts) from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.bobnewell.net/nucleus/checkers.php The Checker Maven]
* [http://www.usacheckers.com/index.php The American Checker Federation - Welcome to the ACF website]
* [https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/game.php?id=5 Checkers (ICGA Tournaments)]
* [http://aitopics.org/topic/checkers AITopics / Checkers]
* [http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/%7Echinook/project/ Chinook - World Man-Machine Checkers Champion]
* [http://www.fierz.ch/history.htm A brief history of computer checkers] by [[Martin Fierz]]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Tinsley Marion Tinsley from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.nemesis.info/2002%20world%20computer%20championship.htm 2002 World Computer Championship]
* [http://www.fierz.ch/vegas.htm Las Vegas computer checker championship] by [[Martin Fierz]]
* [http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3997 500 billion billion moves later, computers solve checkers] from [[ChessBase|ChessBase news]], July 19, 2007
* [http://www.fierz.ch/checkerboard.php CheckerBoard] by [[Martin Fierz]]
* [http://checker-board.blogspot.com/ CheckerBoard], A blog on checkers programming by [[Martin Fierz]]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Draughts_Notation Portable Draughts Notation from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.3dkingdoms.com/checkers/bitboards.htm Checker Bitboards Tutorial] by [[Jonathan Kreuzer]]
* [http://www.3dkingdoms.com/checkers.htm Gui Checkers 1.05] by [[Jonathan Kreuzer]]
* [http://checker-board.blogspot.com/2009/02/perft-for-checkers.html Perft for Checkers] » [[Perft]] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=27814 perft for 8x8 checkers] by [[Aart Bik]], [[CCC]], May 08, 2009</ref>
* [http://alemanni.pagesperso-orange.fr/index.html Welcome to the checkers programs page] by [[Jean-Bernard Alemanni]]
* [https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/07/marion-tinsley-checkers/534111/ How Checkers Was Solved] by [https://www.theatlantic.com/author/alexis-madrigal/ Alexis C. Madrigal], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic The Atlantic - World Edition], July 19, 2017
=References=
<references />
'''[[Games|Up one Level]]'''
