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edits
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Created page with "'''Home * Engines * CC Sapiens''' FILE:Wither - Emblem Wisdom.jpg|border|right|thumb| Wisdom Emblem <ref>[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wither_-..."
'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Engines]] * CC Sapiens'''
[[FILE:Wither - Emblem Wisdom.jpg|border|right|thumb| Wisdom Emblem <ref>[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wither_-_Emblem_Wisdom.jpg Wisdom Emblem], from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wither George Wither] ('''1635'''). ''[https://archive.org/details/collectionofembl00withe A Collection of Emblemes Anciente and Moderne]''. London, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive Internet Archive], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons Wikimedia Commons], [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom Wisdom from Wikipedia.simple]: The words of this old print read, in modern English: 'He over all the stars does reign That unto wisdom can attain', in other words: 'Whoever can become wise will rule over everything'.</ref> ]]
'''CC Sapiens''', (Chess Computer Sapiens)<br/>
a computer chess project headed by [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] during the early 90s after the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union dissolution of the Soviet Union]. Further contributors, specially on the application of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_planning economic planning] (EC Sapiens) were mathematician [[Vasily Vladimirov]], and the economists [[Evgeniĭ Dmitrievich Cherevik]] and [[Vitaly Vygodsky]].
CC Sapiens was a trial to resurrect the [[Pioneer]] project with the aim to develop a chess program to model a Chess Master's Mind - ultimately terminated with Botvinnik's death in May 1995. Botvinnik's attempt to demonstrate the ability of CC Sapiens on three selected positions with narrow [[Search Tree|search trees]] in [[ICGA Journal#16_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 2]] <ref>[[Mikhail Botvinnik]] ('''1993'''). ''Three Positions''. [[ICGA Journal#16_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 2]]</ref> was criticized by [[Hans Berliner]] <ref>[[Hans Berliner]] ('''1993'''). ''Playing Computer Chess in the Human Style''. [[ICGA Journal#16_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3]]</ref> <ref>[http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess/browse_frm/thread/c6c81bbb1a2b399f# Kasparov missed Beautiful win; Botvinnik's Program muffs analysis] by [[Hans Berliner]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.chess]], July 9, 1993</ref> and Botvinnik's old chess rival [[David Bronstein]] <ref>[[David Bronstein]] ('''1993'''). ''Mimicking Human Oversight''. [[ICGA Journal#16_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3]]</ref>, due to obvious flaws and allegation of forged results <ref>[https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess.computer/ZWQ5ZwvXx_s/EgXPrz6jZFYJ Botvinnik article] by [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], October 23, 1996</ref>.
=A Muse A-Musing=
Excerpt of the Editorial, [[ICGA Journal#16_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3]] by [[Bob Herschberg]] and [[Jaap van den Herik]] <ref> [[Bob Herschberg]], [[Jaap van den Herik]] ('''1993'''). ''[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/contents/node4.html A Muse A-Musing]''. (Editorial) [[ICGA Journal#16_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3]]</ref>:
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversy Controversy] is not only not harmful, it is the only way to recognize the eventual [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth truth] which is fated to have its origin as a dispute between [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heretic_%28disambiguation%29 heretics] and the current [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxy orthodoxy], the latter only recently absolved itself from the charge of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy heresy]. It is therefore that we welcome an unusual amount of controversy arising out of the last issue of our Journal. Whether it is Botvinnik being challenged by Berliner, or by his former comrade-in-arms, Bronstein, whether it is one of your Editors taking up the cudgels against proponents of Chinese Chess-by-program, a double heresy, - all are welcome. Their discussions may not be among the most edifying of exchanges - well, neither was the language in which heresy was discussed and orthodoxy arrived at on many famous occasions, Church counsels among them.
Yet, we maintain: the discussion, even the confrontation is helpful and conducive to the health of computer chess. Following this belief, we feel a duty to extend the hospitality of our columns generously to all heretics. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%AFssa Caïssa], still smiling, will be amused.
=Kasparov - Ribli=
The first one of Botvinnik's ''Three Positions'' <ref>[[Mikhail Botvinnik]] ('''1993'''). ''Three Positions''. [[ICGA Journal#16_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 2]]</ref> and most criticized analysis is from the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Kasparov Garry Kasparov] vs. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Ribli Zoltán Ribli] game <ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1070471 Garry Kasparov vs Zoltan Ribli (1989)] from [http://www.chessgames.com/index.html chessgames.com]</ref>, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skellefte%C3%A5 Skellefteå] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_in_chess#Grandmasters_Association_World_Cup World Cup 1989] <ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chesscollection?cid=1015939 Skelleftea World Cup 1989] from [http://www.chessgames.com/index.html chessgames.com]</ref>, after 26.Rxb5 Bxe3 <ref>[https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=46260 Kasparov-Ribli, 1989] by [[Bruce Moreland]], [[CCC]], March 19, 1999</ref> <ref>[https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=201865 Test position ==> Kasparov-Ribli,1989] by [[José Antônio Fabiano Mendes]], [[CCC]], December 14, 2001</ref>:
<fentt border="double" style="font-size:24pt">5rk1/5ppp/p1Q1p3/1R6/q7/4b1P1/P2RPP1P/6K1</fentt>
5rk1/5ppp/p1Q1p3/1R6/q7/4b1P1/P2RPP1P/6K1 w - -
CC Sapiens produced an analysis of a mere 18 nodes, and determined that this position is a win for White with Rd8. Botvinnik gives one variation with 1.Rd8! Qxb5 2.Qd6! Bxf2 3.Kxf2 Re8 4.Qe7, satisfying the stated goal, but missed to consider other alternatives of Black's first (1... Bxf2) and third move. Berliner: "Presumably the beckoning 3. ...Qf5+ is dismissed since it can't possibly lead to a win for Black. Botvinnik knows that, and I know that, but can a computer program figure this out without searching?". The blunder 4.Qe7 was apparently discovered by Botvinnik or his team just before press time, given in a footnote, but due to mistake of the editors, three pages apart.
[[Feng-hsiung Hsu]], who already analyzed the position with [[Deep Thought]] along with Gary Kasparov in 1990, posted the winning lines of 3. ... Re8 4.a4 or more difficult 3 ...Qf5+! 4.Kg1! in [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]] <ref>[https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/xsgbuxorOZ8/nZWR2BkOlFsJ Re: Kasparov missed Beautiful win; Botvinnik's Program muffs analysis] by [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.chess]], July 10, 1993</ref> as reply to Berliner's [[B*]] [[HiTech]] analysis with the wrong 3 ...Qf5+! 4.Kg2 line <ref> [http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess/browse_frm/thread/c6c81bbb1a2b399f# Kasparov missed Beautiful win; Botvinnik's Program muffs analysis] by [[Hans Berliner]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.chess]], July 9, 1993</ref>. As admitted by Berliner in his ''Playing Computer Chess in the Human Style'' [[ICCA]] correspondence <ref> [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1993'''). ''Playing Computer Chess in the Human Style''. [[ICGA Journal#16_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3]]</ref>, it was possible to identify a serious bug in B* HiTech's [[Search|search]] algorithm thanks to Hsu's information.
=Solving Shannon's Problem=
==Abstract==
from ''Solving Shannon's Problem: Ways and Means'', [[Advances in Computer Chess 7]], July 01, 1993 <ref> [[Mikhail Botvinnik]], [[Evgeniĭ Dmitrievich Cherevik]], [[Vasily Vladimirov]], [[Vitaly Vygodsky]] ('''1994'''). ''[https://getinfo.de/app/Solving-Shannon-s-Problem-Ways-and-Means/id/BLCP%3ACN011979464 Solving Shannon's Problem: Ways and Means]''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 7]]</ref> <ref>[[Claude Shannon]] ('''1949'''). ''[http://www.pi.infn.it/%7Ecarosi/chess/shannon.txt Programming a Computer for Playing Chess]''. [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon.062303002.pdf pdf]</ref>:
A proposal by [[Claude Shannon|Shannon]] (1950) indicated two styles of constructing computer-chess programs: [[Brute-Force|brute-force]] and following the experience of chess masters. Of the first style examples abound, of the second only CC Sapiens, as yet incomplete, exists. From the experience with CC Sapiens and its economical analogue, it is confidently predicted that methods based on making the computer ''understand'' the problem may well gain the upper hand, both in computer chess and in high-dimensional search programs related to it, following the master's style.
==Chains==
Excerpt from ''Solving Shannon's Problem: Ways and Means'':
In the program CC Sapiens, the intermediate step of the model is identified with the analysis of a chain of [[Pieces|pieces]]. An attacking piece L<span style="vertical-align: sub;font-size: 80%;">0</span> and an attacked piece L<span style="vertical-align: sub;font-size: 80%;">2</span> constitute the basis of the chain; the remaining pieces oppose or support it. Whereas a chain of pieces connects material entities, there is also, as an intermediate step, a positional chain. The latter is composed of links relating [[Squares|squares]] to specific other squares, such as [[Holes|holes]] and weak squares, and to properties enjoyed by the totality of squares and their subsets, such as [[Ranks|ranks]], [[Files|files]] and [[Diagonals|diagonals]].
=See also=
* [[Pioneer]]
=Selected Publications=
<ref>[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/docs/References.pdf ICGA Reference Database] (pdf)</ref>
* [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] ('''1993'''). ''Three Positions''. [[ICGA Journal#16_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 2]]
* [[Bob Herschberg]], [[Jaap van den Herik]] ('''1993'''). ''[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/contents/node4.html A Muse A-Musing]''. (Editorial) [[ICGA Journal#16_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1993'''). ''Playing Computer Chess in the Human Style''. [[ICGA Journal#16_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3]]
* [[David Bronstein]] ('''1993'''). ''Mimicking Human Oversight''. [[ICGA Journal#16_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3]]
* [[Mikhail Botvinnik]], [[Evgeniĭ Dmitrievich Cherevik]], [[Vasily Vladimirov]], [[Vitaly Vygodsky]] ('''1994'''). ''Solving Shannon's Problem: Ways and Means''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 7]], English translation by Igor Botvinnik <ref>[http://chess-news.ru/en/node/5190 Igor Botvinnik Has Passed Away] | [http://chess-news.ru/en chess-news.ru], December 06, 2011</ref> <ref>[http://de.chessbase.com/post/interview-mit-igor-botvinnik Interview mit Igor Botvinnik], [[ChessBase]], January 04, 2007 (German)</ref> and the Editors
=Forum Posts=
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/xsgbuxorOZ8/83d0wqxy-VoJ Kasparov missed Beautiful win; Botvinnik's Program muffs analysis] by [[Hans Berliner]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.chess]], July 9, 1993
: [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/xsgbuxorOZ8/nZWR2BkOlFsJ Re: Kasparov missed Beautiful win; Botvinnik's Program muffs analysis] by [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.chess]], July 10, 1993
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess.computer/ZWQ5ZwvXx_s/EgXPrz6jZFYJ Botvinnik article] by [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], October 23, 1996
: [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess.computer/ZWQ5ZwvXx_s/Cozl-N5kZkMJ Re: Botvinnik article] by [[Peter Gillgasch]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], October 23, 1996
=External Links=
==Chess Program==
* [http://atimopheyev.narod.ru/AfterPIONEER/info/PIONEER/2-Berliner.htm Hans Berliner against Mikhail Botvinnik] by [[Alexander Timofeev]]
==Misc==
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sapiens sapiens - Wiktionary]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapiens Sapiens from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom#Sapience Sapience from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RoboSapien RoboSapien from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FemiSapien FemiSapien from Wikipedia]
* [http://en.chessbase.com/post/endgame-the-mating-habits-of-homo-sapiens Endgame – the mating habits of homo sapiens] | [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], April 08, 2004
* [https://nunoferreirajazz.wordpress.com/ Nuno Ferreira Septeto] - Cromo Sapiens, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ksF0HIniY3M|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[Engines|Up one Level]]'''
[[Category:Music]]
[[FILE:Wither - Emblem Wisdom.jpg|border|right|thumb| Wisdom Emblem <ref>[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wither_-_Emblem_Wisdom.jpg Wisdom Emblem], from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wither George Wither] ('''1635'''). ''[https://archive.org/details/collectionofembl00withe A Collection of Emblemes Anciente and Moderne]''. London, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive Internet Archive], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons Wikimedia Commons], [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom Wisdom from Wikipedia.simple]: The words of this old print read, in modern English: 'He over all the stars does reign That unto wisdom can attain', in other words: 'Whoever can become wise will rule over everything'.</ref> ]]
'''CC Sapiens''', (Chess Computer Sapiens)<br/>
a computer chess project headed by [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] during the early 90s after the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union dissolution of the Soviet Union]. Further contributors, specially on the application of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_planning economic planning] (EC Sapiens) were mathematician [[Vasily Vladimirov]], and the economists [[Evgeniĭ Dmitrievich Cherevik]] and [[Vitaly Vygodsky]].
CC Sapiens was a trial to resurrect the [[Pioneer]] project with the aim to develop a chess program to model a Chess Master's Mind - ultimately terminated with Botvinnik's death in May 1995. Botvinnik's attempt to demonstrate the ability of CC Sapiens on three selected positions with narrow [[Search Tree|search trees]] in [[ICGA Journal#16_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 2]] <ref>[[Mikhail Botvinnik]] ('''1993'''). ''Three Positions''. [[ICGA Journal#16_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 2]]</ref> was criticized by [[Hans Berliner]] <ref>[[Hans Berliner]] ('''1993'''). ''Playing Computer Chess in the Human Style''. [[ICGA Journal#16_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3]]</ref> <ref>[http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess/browse_frm/thread/c6c81bbb1a2b399f# Kasparov missed Beautiful win; Botvinnik's Program muffs analysis] by [[Hans Berliner]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.chess]], July 9, 1993</ref> and Botvinnik's old chess rival [[David Bronstein]] <ref>[[David Bronstein]] ('''1993'''). ''Mimicking Human Oversight''. [[ICGA Journal#16_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3]]</ref>, due to obvious flaws and allegation of forged results <ref>[https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess.computer/ZWQ5ZwvXx_s/EgXPrz6jZFYJ Botvinnik article] by [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], October 23, 1996</ref>.
=A Muse A-Musing=
Excerpt of the Editorial, [[ICGA Journal#16_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3]] by [[Bob Herschberg]] and [[Jaap van den Herik]] <ref> [[Bob Herschberg]], [[Jaap van den Herik]] ('''1993'''). ''[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/contents/node4.html A Muse A-Musing]''. (Editorial) [[ICGA Journal#16_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3]]</ref>:
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversy Controversy] is not only not harmful, it is the only way to recognize the eventual [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth truth] which is fated to have its origin as a dispute between [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heretic_%28disambiguation%29 heretics] and the current [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxy orthodoxy], the latter only recently absolved itself from the charge of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy heresy]. It is therefore that we welcome an unusual amount of controversy arising out of the last issue of our Journal. Whether it is Botvinnik being challenged by Berliner, or by his former comrade-in-arms, Bronstein, whether it is one of your Editors taking up the cudgels against proponents of Chinese Chess-by-program, a double heresy, - all are welcome. Their discussions may not be among the most edifying of exchanges - well, neither was the language in which heresy was discussed and orthodoxy arrived at on many famous occasions, Church counsels among them.
Yet, we maintain: the discussion, even the confrontation is helpful and conducive to the health of computer chess. Following this belief, we feel a duty to extend the hospitality of our columns generously to all heretics. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%AFssa Caïssa], still smiling, will be amused.
=Kasparov - Ribli=
The first one of Botvinnik's ''Three Positions'' <ref>[[Mikhail Botvinnik]] ('''1993'''). ''Three Positions''. [[ICGA Journal#16_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 2]]</ref> and most criticized analysis is from the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Kasparov Garry Kasparov] vs. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Ribli Zoltán Ribli] game <ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1070471 Garry Kasparov vs Zoltan Ribli (1989)] from [http://www.chessgames.com/index.html chessgames.com]</ref>, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skellefte%C3%A5 Skellefteå] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_in_chess#Grandmasters_Association_World_Cup World Cup 1989] <ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chesscollection?cid=1015939 Skelleftea World Cup 1989] from [http://www.chessgames.com/index.html chessgames.com]</ref>, after 26.Rxb5 Bxe3 <ref>[https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=46260 Kasparov-Ribli, 1989] by [[Bruce Moreland]], [[CCC]], March 19, 1999</ref> <ref>[https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=201865 Test position ==> Kasparov-Ribli,1989] by [[José Antônio Fabiano Mendes]], [[CCC]], December 14, 2001</ref>:
<fentt border="double" style="font-size:24pt">5rk1/5ppp/p1Q1p3/1R6/q7/4b1P1/P2RPP1P/6K1</fentt>
5rk1/5ppp/p1Q1p3/1R6/q7/4b1P1/P2RPP1P/6K1 w - -
CC Sapiens produced an analysis of a mere 18 nodes, and determined that this position is a win for White with Rd8. Botvinnik gives one variation with 1.Rd8! Qxb5 2.Qd6! Bxf2 3.Kxf2 Re8 4.Qe7, satisfying the stated goal, but missed to consider other alternatives of Black's first (1... Bxf2) and third move. Berliner: "Presumably the beckoning 3. ...Qf5+ is dismissed since it can't possibly lead to a win for Black. Botvinnik knows that, and I know that, but can a computer program figure this out without searching?". The blunder 4.Qe7 was apparently discovered by Botvinnik or his team just before press time, given in a footnote, but due to mistake of the editors, three pages apart.
[[Feng-hsiung Hsu]], who already analyzed the position with [[Deep Thought]] along with Gary Kasparov in 1990, posted the winning lines of 3. ... Re8 4.a4 or more difficult 3 ...Qf5+! 4.Kg1! in [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]] <ref>[https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/xsgbuxorOZ8/nZWR2BkOlFsJ Re: Kasparov missed Beautiful win; Botvinnik's Program muffs analysis] by [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.chess]], July 10, 1993</ref> as reply to Berliner's [[B*]] [[HiTech]] analysis with the wrong 3 ...Qf5+! 4.Kg2 line <ref> [http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess/browse_frm/thread/c6c81bbb1a2b399f# Kasparov missed Beautiful win; Botvinnik's Program muffs analysis] by [[Hans Berliner]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.chess]], July 9, 1993</ref>. As admitted by Berliner in his ''Playing Computer Chess in the Human Style'' [[ICCA]] correspondence <ref> [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1993'''). ''Playing Computer Chess in the Human Style''. [[ICGA Journal#16_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3]]</ref>, it was possible to identify a serious bug in B* HiTech's [[Search|search]] algorithm thanks to Hsu's information.
=Solving Shannon's Problem=
==Abstract==
from ''Solving Shannon's Problem: Ways and Means'', [[Advances in Computer Chess 7]], July 01, 1993 <ref> [[Mikhail Botvinnik]], [[Evgeniĭ Dmitrievich Cherevik]], [[Vasily Vladimirov]], [[Vitaly Vygodsky]] ('''1994'''). ''[https://getinfo.de/app/Solving-Shannon-s-Problem-Ways-and-Means/id/BLCP%3ACN011979464 Solving Shannon's Problem: Ways and Means]''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 7]]</ref> <ref>[[Claude Shannon]] ('''1949'''). ''[http://www.pi.infn.it/%7Ecarosi/chess/shannon.txt Programming a Computer for Playing Chess]''. [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon.062303002.pdf pdf]</ref>:
A proposal by [[Claude Shannon|Shannon]] (1950) indicated two styles of constructing computer-chess programs: [[Brute-Force|brute-force]] and following the experience of chess masters. Of the first style examples abound, of the second only CC Sapiens, as yet incomplete, exists. From the experience with CC Sapiens and its economical analogue, it is confidently predicted that methods based on making the computer ''understand'' the problem may well gain the upper hand, both in computer chess and in high-dimensional search programs related to it, following the master's style.
==Chains==
Excerpt from ''Solving Shannon's Problem: Ways and Means'':
In the program CC Sapiens, the intermediate step of the model is identified with the analysis of a chain of [[Pieces|pieces]]. An attacking piece L<span style="vertical-align: sub;font-size: 80%;">0</span> and an attacked piece L<span style="vertical-align: sub;font-size: 80%;">2</span> constitute the basis of the chain; the remaining pieces oppose or support it. Whereas a chain of pieces connects material entities, there is also, as an intermediate step, a positional chain. The latter is composed of links relating [[Squares|squares]] to specific other squares, such as [[Holes|holes]] and weak squares, and to properties enjoyed by the totality of squares and their subsets, such as [[Ranks|ranks]], [[Files|files]] and [[Diagonals|diagonals]].
=See also=
* [[Pioneer]]
=Selected Publications=
<ref>[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/docs/References.pdf ICGA Reference Database] (pdf)</ref>
* [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] ('''1993'''). ''Three Positions''. [[ICGA Journal#16_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 2]]
* [[Bob Herschberg]], [[Jaap van den Herik]] ('''1993'''). ''[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/contents/node4.html A Muse A-Musing]''. (Editorial) [[ICGA Journal#16_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1993'''). ''Playing Computer Chess in the Human Style''. [[ICGA Journal#16_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3]]
* [[David Bronstein]] ('''1993'''). ''Mimicking Human Oversight''. [[ICGA Journal#16_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3]]
* [[Mikhail Botvinnik]], [[Evgeniĭ Dmitrievich Cherevik]], [[Vasily Vladimirov]], [[Vitaly Vygodsky]] ('''1994'''). ''Solving Shannon's Problem: Ways and Means''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 7]], English translation by Igor Botvinnik <ref>[http://chess-news.ru/en/node/5190 Igor Botvinnik Has Passed Away] | [http://chess-news.ru/en chess-news.ru], December 06, 2011</ref> <ref>[http://de.chessbase.com/post/interview-mit-igor-botvinnik Interview mit Igor Botvinnik], [[ChessBase]], January 04, 2007 (German)</ref> and the Editors
=Forum Posts=
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/xsgbuxorOZ8/83d0wqxy-VoJ Kasparov missed Beautiful win; Botvinnik's Program muffs analysis] by [[Hans Berliner]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.chess]], July 9, 1993
: [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/xsgbuxorOZ8/nZWR2BkOlFsJ Re: Kasparov missed Beautiful win; Botvinnik's Program muffs analysis] by [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.chess]], July 10, 1993
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess.computer/ZWQ5ZwvXx_s/EgXPrz6jZFYJ Botvinnik article] by [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], October 23, 1996
: [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess.computer/ZWQ5ZwvXx_s/Cozl-N5kZkMJ Re: Botvinnik article] by [[Peter Gillgasch]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], October 23, 1996
=External Links=
==Chess Program==
* [http://atimopheyev.narod.ru/AfterPIONEER/info/PIONEER/2-Berliner.htm Hans Berliner against Mikhail Botvinnik] by [[Alexander Timofeev]]
==Misc==
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sapiens sapiens - Wiktionary]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapiens Sapiens from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom#Sapience Sapience from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RoboSapien RoboSapien from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FemiSapien FemiSapien from Wikipedia]
* [http://en.chessbase.com/post/endgame-the-mating-habits-of-homo-sapiens Endgame – the mating habits of homo sapiens] | [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], April 08, 2004
* [https://nunoferreirajazz.wordpress.com/ Nuno Ferreira Septeto] - Cromo Sapiens, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ksF0HIniY3M|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[Engines|Up one Level]]'''
[[Category:Music]]
