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[[File:Bill_Gosper_2006.jpg|border|right|thumb|240px|Bill Gosper 2006 <ref>Mathematician Bill Gosper in March, 2006 at the [http://www.ifp.illinois.edu/~sdickson/G4G7/G4G7_Trip_Report.html Seventh Gathering for Gardner] (G4G7) in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta Atlanta], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29 Georgia], March 16, 2006, Photographer [http://www.flickr.com/people/thane/ Thane Plambeck]</ref>]]

'''Ralph William (Bill) Gosper, Jr.''',<br/>an American mathematician and computer scientist, along with [[Richard Greenblatt]] considered the co-founder of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker_culture hacker] community <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackers:_Heroes_of_the_Computer_Revolution Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution]</ref>. In the 60s, affiliated with [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], he worked for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_MAC%7CProject Project MAC] (Machine-Aided Cognition), where his contributions to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_mathematics computational mathematics] and [[Bit-Twiddling]] including include [[#HAKMEM|HAKMEM]] and [[Lisp#Maclisp|Maclisp]]. He helped Greenblatt with his chess program [[Mac Hack|Mac Hack VI]], and operated the [[PDP-6]] when [[Mac Hack#RobertQ|Robert Q]] played its first tournament game versus Carl Wagner.

In the 70s, Bill Gosper moved to [[Stanford University]] for some years, where he lectured and helped [[Donald Knuth]] to write volume II of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Computer_Programming The Art of Computer Programming]. He has worked at or consulted for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARC_%28company%29 Xerox PARC], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolics Symbolics], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_Research Wolfram Research], the [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macsyma Macsyma] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gosper Bill Gosper from Wikipedia]</ref>. Bill Gosper created numerous [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packing_problem packing problem] puzzles such as the ''Twubblesome Twelve'' <ref>[http://gosper.org/ Twubblesome Twelve - a difficult puzzle] by Bill Gosper</ref>, and was interested in the [[John H. Conway|Conway's]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway%27s_Game_of_Life|Game of Life]], where he found the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_%28cellular_automaton%29|Glider Gun]] and originated the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashlife|Hashlife]] algorithm to speed up the computation of Life patterns <ref>[http://www-users.cs.york.ac.uk/~jowen/hashlife.html Gosper's Algorithm (Hashlife) explained]</ref>.

{{Robert Q}} [[File:RobertQ1967.JPG|none|border|480px560px|text-bottom]]Allen Moulton and R. William Gosper (rear right) operating "[[Mac Hack#RobertQ|Robert Q]]" on a [[PDP-6]] <ref>''[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1928&dat=19670123&id=O2ggAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1GYFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2308,2313204&hl=en MIT Computer Loses to Human in Chess]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Journal_%28Lewiston%29 Sun Journal (Lewiston)], January 23, 1967, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_News Google News]</ref>

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAKMEM HAKMEM], alternatively known as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_Memo AI Memo] 239, is a February 1972 "memo" (technical report) of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory AI Lab] by Gosper et al. that describes a wide variety of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kludge#In_computer_science hacks], primarily useful and clever [[Algorithms|algorithms]] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAKMEM HAKMEM from Wikipedia]</ref>, and even a chess position <ref>Michael Beeler, [[Bill Gosper]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Schroeppel Rich Schroeppel] ('''1972'''). ''[httphttps://homedspace.pipelinemit.comedu/~hbaker1handle/hakmem1721.1/hakmem.html 6086 HAKMEM]'', Memo 239''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory CSAIL], Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]</ref> <ref>[http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~am21/hakmemc.html HAKMEMC -- HAKMEM Programming hacks in C] by [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~am21/ Alan Mycroft]</ref>. A few samples, referred elsewhere:

HAKMEM 70 <ref>[http://home.pipeline.com/~hbaker1/hakmem/games.html#item70 HAKMEM - GAMES: ITEM 70]</ref>, A neat chess problem, swiped from ''Chess for Fun and Chess for Blood'', by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lasker Edward Lasker] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lasker Edward Lasker] ('''1942,1962''') ''Chess for Fun and Chess for Blood''. Dover Publications; 2 Edition, ISBN-13: 978-0486201467, [http://www.amazon.com/Chess-Fun-Blood-Edward-Lasker/dp/0486201465 amazon]</ref>. White mates in three moves <ref>1.g8=N b5 2.Ne7 Kxb4 3.Nc6#</ref>:

[[Population Count#HAKMEM169|HAKMEM 169]], to [[Population Count|count the ones]] in a [[PDP-6]]/[[PDP-10]] 36-bit word, written in [[Assembly#HAKMEM169|Assembly]] <ref>[[Population Count#HAKMEM169|HAKMEM 169]] by Gosper, Mann, Lenard, (Root and Mann), [http://home.pipeline.com/~hbaker1/hakmem/hakmem.html HAKMEM]</ref> <ref>[http://home.pipeline.com/~hbaker1/pdp-10/pdp-10.html PDP-10 Machine Language]</ref>:

[[Traversing Subsets of a Set#Snoob|HAKMEM 175]] - next higher number with the same number of one bits (Snoob), by Bill Gosper, [[PDP-6]] [[Assembly]] <ref>[http://home.pipeline.com/~hbaker1/hakmem/hacks.html#item175 HAKMEM 175] by Bill Gosper</ref>:

[[File:Gospers_glider_gun.gif|none|border|480px560px|text-bottom]]

* Michael Beeler, [[Bill Gosper]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Schroeppel Rich Schroeppel] ('''1972'''). ''[httphttps://homedspace.pipelinemit.comedu/~hbaker1handle/hakmem1721.1/hakmem.html 6086 HAKMEM]'', Memo 239''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory CSAIL], Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] <ref>Web-available by [http://home.pipeline.com/~hbaker1/ Henry Baker]</ref>* [[Bill Gosper ]] ('''1974'''). ''[https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/6088 Acceleration of Series], Memo 304''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory CSAIL], [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]* [[Bill Gosper ]] ('''1976'''). ''[https://perl.plover.com/classes/cftalk/INFO/gosper.txt Continued Fraction Arithmetic]''. <ref>[https://perl.plover.com/yak/cftalk/ Arithmetic with Continued Fractions] by [https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mark_Jason_Dominus Mark Jason Dominus], </ref> <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continued_fraction Continued fraction from Wikipedia]</ref> * [[Bill Gosper]] ('''1977'''). ''Decision procedure for indefinite hypergeometric summation''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America PNAS USA], Vol. 75, No. 1, [http://www.pnas.org/content/75/1/40.full.pdf pdf] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosper%27s_algorithm Gosper's algorithm from Wikipedia]</ref>* Corey Ziegler Hunts, Julian Ziegler Hunts, [[Bill Gosper]], [[Jack Holloway]] ('''2010'''). ''[http://www.blurb.com/b/2172660-minskys-trinskys-3rd-edition Minskys & Trinskys]''. 3rd edition, [http://gosper.org/Minskys/ Minsky files] by Bill Gosper <ref>[https://nbickford.wordpress.com/2011/04/03/the-minsky-circle-algorithm/ The Minsky Circle Algorithm – Random (Blog)] by [https://nbickford.wordpress.com/author/nbickford/ Neil Bickford], April 3, 2011</ref> » [[Marvin Minsky]]