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Automated Tuning

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<span id="Regression"></span>
=Regression=
[[FILE:Linear regression.svg|border|right|thumb|300px|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_regression Linear Regression] <ref>Random data points and their [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_regression linear regression]. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linear_regression.svg Created] with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sage_%28mathematics_software%29 Sage] by Sewaqu, November 5, 2010, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons Wikimedia Commons]</ref> ]]
 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression_analysis Regression analysis] is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics statistical process] with a substantial overlap with machine learning to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediction predict] the value of an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_variables Y variable] (output), given known value pairs of the X and Y variables. While [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_regression linear regression] deals with continuous outputs, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_regression logistic regression] covers binary or discrete output, such as win/loss, or win/draw/loss. Parameter estimation in regression analysis can be formulated as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_optimization minimization] of a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_function cost or loss function] over a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_set training set] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_function#Use_in_statistics Loss function - Use in statistics - Wkipedia]</ref>, such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_squared_error mean squared error] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_entropy#Cross-entropy_error_function_and_logistic_regression cross-entropy error function] for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_classification binary classification] <ref>"Using [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_entropy#Cross-entropy_error_function_and_logistic_regression cross-entropy error function] instead of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_squared_error sum of squares] leads to faster training and improved generalization", from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargur_Srihari Sargur Srihari], [http://www.cedar.buffalo.edu/~srihari/CSE574/Chap5/Chap5.2-Training.pdf Neural Network Training] (pdf)</ref>. The minimization is implemented by [[Iteration|iterative]] optimization [[Algorithms|algorithms]] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaheuristic metaheuristics] such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterated_local_search Iterated local search], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Newton_algorithm Gauss–Newton algorithm], or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_gradient_method conjugate gradient method].
<span id="LinearRegression"></span>
==Linear Regression==
{||-| style="vertical-align:top;" | The supervised problem of regression applied to [[Automated Tuning#MoveAdaption|move adaptation]] was used by [[Thomas Nitsche]] in 1982, minimizing the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_squared_error mean squared error] of a cost function considering the program’s and a grandmaster’s choice of moves, as mentioned, extended by [[Tony Marsland]] in 1985, and later by the [[Deep Thought]] team. Regression used to [[Automated Tuning#ValueAdaption|adapt desired values]] was described by [[Donald H. Mitchell]] in his 1984 masters master thesis on evaluation features in [[Othello]], cited by [[Michael Buro]] <ref>[[Michael Buro]] ('''1995'''). ''[httphttps://www.jair.org/papersindex.php/jair/article/view/paper179.html 10146 Statistical Feature Combination for the Evaluation of Game Positions]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Artificial_Intelligence_Research JAIR], Vol. 3</ref> <ref>[[Donald H. Mitchell]] ('''1984'''). ''Using Features to Evaluate Positions in Experts' and Novices' Othello Games''. Masters Master thesis, Department of Psychology, [[Northwestern University]], Evanston, IL</ref>. [[Jens Christensen]] applied [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_regression linear regression] to chess in 1986 to learn [[Point Value|point values]] in the domain of [[Temporal Difference Learning|temporal difference learning]] <ref>[[Jens Christensen]] ('''1986'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4613-2279-5_9?no-access=true Learning Static Evaluation Functions by Linear Regression]''. in [[Tom Mitchell]], [[Jaime Carbonell]], [[Ryszard Michalski]] ('''1986'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4613-2279-5 Machine Learning: A Guide to Current Research]''. The Kluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science, Vol. 12</ref>. | [[FILE:Linear regression.svg|border|left|thumb|baseline|300px|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_regression Linear Regression] <ref>Random data points and their [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_regression linear regression]. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linear_regression.svg Created] with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sage_%28mathematics_software%29 Sage] by Sewaqu, November 5, 2010, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons Wikimedia Commons]</ref> ]] |}
<span id="LogisticRegression"></span>
==Logistic Regression==
{ [[FILE:SigmoidTexelTune.gif|border|right|thumb|300px|link=http://wolfr.am/1al3d5B|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_function Logistic function] <ref>[http://wolfr.am/1al3d5B log-| stylelinear 1 / (1 + 10^(-s/4)) , s="vertical-align10 to 10] from [https:top;" //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_Alpha Wolfram| Alpha]</ref> ]]  Since the relationship between [[Pawn Advantage, Win Percentage, and Elo|win percentage and pawn advantage]] is assumed to follow a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_model logistic model], one may treat static evaluation as [[Neural Networks#Perceptron|single-layer perceptron]] or single [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neuron neuron] [[Neural Networks|ANN]] with the common [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_function logistic] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activation_function activation function], performing the perceptron algorithm to train it <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=56168&start=36 Re: Piece weights with regression analysis (in Russian)] by [[Fabien Letouzey]], [[CCC]], May 04, 2015</ref>. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_regression Logistic regression] in evaluation tuning was first elaborated by [[Michael Buro]] in 1995 <ref>[[Michael Buro]] ('''1995'''). ''[httphttps://www.jair.org/papersindex.php/paper179.html jair/article/view/10146 Statistical Feature Combination for the Evaluation of Game Positions]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Artificial_Intelligence_Research JAIR], Vol. 3</ref>, and proved successful in the game of [[Othello]] in comparison with [[Mathematician#RFisher|Fisher's]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_Fisher_discriminant_analysis linear discriminant] and quadratic [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discriminant discriminant] function for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution normally distributed] features, and served as eponym of his Othello program ''Logistello'' <ref>[https://skatgame.net/mburo/log.html LOGISTELLO's Homepage]</ref>. In computer chess, logistic regression was applied by [[Arkadiusz Paterek]] with [[Gosu]] <ref>[[Arkadiusz Paterek]] ('''2004'''). ''Modelowanie funkcji oceniającej w grach''. [[University of Warsaw]], [https://www.mimuw.edu.pl/~paterek/mfog.ps.gz zipped ps] (Polish, Modeling of an evaluation function in games)</ref>, later proposed by [[Miguel A. Ballicora]] in 2009 as used by [[Gaviota]] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=27266&postdays=0&postorder=asc&topic_view=&start=11 Re: Insanity... or Tal style?] by [[Miguel A. Ballicora]], [[CCC]], April 02, 2009</ref>, independently described by [[Amir Ban]] in 2012 for [[Junior|Junior's]] evaluation learning <ref>[[Amir Ban]] ('''2012'''). ''[http://www.ratio.huji.ac.il/node/2362 Automatic Learning of Evaluation, with Applications to Computer Chess]''. Discussion Paper 613, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem The Hebrew University of Jerusalem] - Center for the Study of Rationality, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Givat_Ram Givat Ram]</ref>, and explicitly mentioned by [[Álvaro Begué]] in a January 2014 [[CCC]] discussion <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=50823&start=10 Re: How Do You Automatically Tune Your Evaluation Tables] by [[Álvaro Begué]], [[CCC]], January 08, 2014</ref>, when [[Peter Österlund]] explained [[Texel's Tuning Method]] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?topic_view=threads&p=555522&t=50823 The texel evaluation function optimization algorithm] by [[Peter Österlund]], [[CCC]], January 31, 2014</ref>, which subsequently popularized logistic regression tuning in computer chess. [[Vladimir Medvedev|Vladimir Medvedev's]] [[Point Value by Regression Analysis]] <ref>[http://habrahabr.ru/post/254753/ Определяем веса шахматных фигур регрессионным анализом / Хабрахабр] by [[Vladimir Medvedev|WinPooh]], April 27, 2015 (Russian)</ref> <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=56168 Piece weights with regression analysis (in Russian)] by [[Vladimir Medvedev]], [[CCC]], April 30, 2015</ref> experiments showed why the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_function logistic function] is appropriate, and further used [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_entropy cross-entropy] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regularization_%28mathematics%29 regularization].| [[FILE:SigmoidTexelTune.gif|border|left|thumb|baseline|300px|link=http://wolfr.am/1al3d5B|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_function Logistic function] <ref>[http://wolfr.am/1al3d5B log-linear 1 / (1 + 10^(-s/4)) , s=-10 to 10] from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_Alpha Wolfram|Alpha]</ref> ]] |}
==Instances==
==1980 ...==
* [[Thomas Nitsche]] ('''1982'''). ''A Learning Chess Program.'' [[Advances in Computer Chess 3]]
* [[Donald H. Mitchell]] ('''1984'''). ''Using Features to Evaluate Positions in Experts' and Novices' Othello Games''. Masters Master thesis, Department of Psychology, [[Northwestern University]], Evanston, IL
==1985 ...==
* [[Tony Marsland]] ('''1985'''). ''Evaluation-Function Factors''. [[ICGA Journal#8_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 2]], [http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~tony/OldPapers/evaluation.pdf pdf]
* [[Peter Mysliwietz]] ('''1994'''). ''Konstruktion und Optimierung von Bewertungsfunktionen beim Schach.'' Ph.D. thesis (German)
==1995 ...==
* [[Michael Buro]] ('''1995'''). ''[httphttps://www.jair.org/papersindex.php/jair/article/paper179.html view/10146 Statistical Feature Combination for the Evaluation of Game Positions]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Artificial_Intelligence_Research JAIR], Vol. 3
* [[Chris McConnell]] ('''1995'''). ''Tuning Evaluation Functions for Search''. [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=9B2A0CCA8B1AFB594A879799D974111A?doi=10.1.1.53.9742&rep=rep1&type=pdf pdf]
* [[Chris McConnell]] ('''1995'''). ''Tuning Evaluation Functions for Search'' (Talk), [http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/ccm/www/talks/tune.ps ps]
* [[Borko Bošković]], [[Sašo Greiner]], [[Janez Brest]], [[Aleš Zamuda]], [[Viljem Žumer]] ('''2008'''). ''[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-540-68830-3_12 An Adaptive Differential Evolution Algorithm with Opposition-Based Mechanisms, Applied to the Tuning of a Chess Program]''. [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-540-68830-3 Advances in Differential Evolution], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer]
'''2009'''
* [[Joel Veness]], [[David Silver]], [[William Uther]], [[Alan Blair]] ('''2009'''). ''[http://papers.nips.cc/paper/3722-bootstrapping-from-game-tree-search Bootstrapping from Game Tree Search]''. [http://nips.cc/ Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), 2009], [http://booksjveness.nipsinfo/publications/nips2009%20-%20bootstrapping%20from%20game%20tree%20search.ccpdf pdf] » [[Meep]] <ref>[http:/papers/fileswww.talkchess.com/nips22forum/NIPS2009_0508viewtopic.pdf pdfphp?start=0&t=31667 A paper about parameter tuning] by [[Rémi Coulom]], [[CCC]], January 12, 2010</ref>
* [[Eli David|Omid David]], [[Jaap van den Herik]], [[Moshe Koppel]], [[Nathan S. Netanyahu]] ('''2009'''). ''Simulating Human Grandmasters: Evolution and Coevolution of Evaluation Functions''. [http://www.sigevo.org/gecco-2009/ GECCO '09], [https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.06840 arXiv:1711.0684]
* [[Eli David|Omid David]] ('''2009'''). ''Genetic Algorithms Based Learning for Evolving Intelligent Organisms''. Ph.D. Thesis.
* [[Hung-Jui Chang]], [[Jr-Chang Chen]], [[Gang-Yu Fan]], [[Chih-Wen Hsueh]], [[Tsan-sheng Hsu]] ('''2018'''). ''Using Chinese dark chess endgame databases to validate and fine-tune game evaluation functions''. [[ICGA Journal#40_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 40, No. 2]] » [[Chinese Dark Chess]], [[Endgame Tablebases]]
* [[Wen-Jie Tseng]], [[Jr-Chang Chen]], [[I-Chen Wu]], [[Tinghan Wei]] ('''2018'''). ''Comparison Training for Computer Chinese Chess''. [https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.07411 arXiv:1801.07411] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=52861&start=7 Re: multi-dimensional piece/square tables] by Tony P., [[CCC]], January 28, 2020 » [[Piece-Square Tables]]</ref>
* [[Jeremy Rapin]], [[Olivier Teytaud]] ('''2018'''). ''Nevergrad - A gradient-free optimization platform''. [https://github.com/facebookresearch/nevergrad GitHub - facebookresearch/nevergrad: A Python toolbox for performing gradient-free optimization]
==2020 ...==
* [[Andrew Grant]] ('''2020'''). ''Evaluation & Tuning in Chess Engines''. [https://github.com/AndyGrant/Ethereal/blob/master/Tuning.pdf pdf] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=74877 Evaluation & Tuning in Chess Engines] by [[Andrew Grant]], [[CCC]], August 24, 2020</ref>
=Forum Posts=
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=68753 methods for tuning coefficients] by [[Stuart Cracraft]], [[CCC]], October 28, 2018
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=69035 Particle Swarm Optimization Code] by [[Erik Madsen]], [[CCC]], November 24, 2018 » [[MadChess]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=69207 Gradient Descent Introduction] by [[Michael Hoffmann|Desperado]], [[CCC]], December 09, 2018
'''2019'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=69532 Automated tuning... finally... (Topple v0.3.0)] by [[Vincent Tang]], [[CCC]], January 08, 2019 » [[Topple]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=75104 Yet another parameter tuner using optuna framework] by [[Ferdinand Mosca]], [[CCC]], September 14, 2020
: [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=75104&start=15 Re: Yet another parameter tuner using optuna framework] by [[Karlson Pfannschmidt]], [[CCC]], September 16, 2020 <ref>[https://optunity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user/solvers/TPE.html Tree-structured Parzen Estimator — Optunity 1.1.0 documentation]</ref>
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=75234 evaluation tuning - where to start?] by [[Maksim Korzh]], [[CCC]], September 27, 2020
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=75267 How to calculate piece weights with logistic regression?] by [[Maksim Korzh]], [[CCC]], October 01, 2020 » [[Automated Tuning#Regression|Regression]], [[Point Value by Regression Analysis]], [[Point Value]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=75411 Unsupervised reinforcement tuning from zero] by Madeleine Birchfield, [[CCC]], October 16, 2020 » [[Reinforcement Learning]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=76024 Laskas parameter optimizer] by [[Ferdinand Mosca]], [[CCC]], December 09, 2020
'''2021'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=76227 How to calc the derivative for gradient descent?] by Brian Neal, [[CCC]], January 04, 2021
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=76238 Help with Texel's tuning] by [[Maksim Korzh]], [[CCC]], January 05, 2021 » [[Texel's Tuning Method]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=76265 Tapered Evaluation and MSE (Texel Tuning)] by [[Michael Hoffmann]], [[CCC]], January 10, 2021 » [[Texel's Tuning Method]], [[Tapered Eval]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=76288 Training data] by [[Michael Hoffmann]], [[CCC]], January 12, 2021
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=76292 Why using the game result instead of evaluation scores] by [[Michael Hoffmann]], [[CCC]], January 12, 2021
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=76294 Using Mini-Batch for tunig] by [[Michael Hoffmann]], [[CCC]], January 12, 2021
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=76380 Texel tuning variant] by [[Ferdinand Mosca]], [[CCC]], January 21, 2021
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=76385 Parameter Tuning Algorithm] by [[Michael Hoffmann]], [[CCC]], January 21, 2021
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikhonov_regularization Tikhonov regularization (Ridge regression) from Wikipedia]
==Code==
* <span id="Rockstar"></span>[https://github.com/lantonovfacebookresearch/nevergrad GitHub - facebookresearch/Rockstar Rockstarnevergrad: Implementation of ROCKA Python toolbox for performing gradient-free optimization]* algorithm (Gaussian kernel regression + natural gradient descent) for optimisation | [https://github.com/fsmosca/Optuna-Game-Parameter-Tuner GitHub- fsmosca/Optuna-Game-Parameter-Tuner: A game search and evaluation parameter tuner using optuna framework] by [[Lyudmil Antonov]] and [[Joona KiiskiFerdinand Mosca]] » [[Automated Tuning#ROCK|ROCK*Deuterium]] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forumforum3/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=65045 ROCK* black-box optimizer for chess75104 Yet another parameter tuner using optuna framework] by [[Jon DartFerdinand Mosca]], [[CCC]], August 31September 14, 20172020</ref>* [https://github.com/zamarfsmosca/spsa SPSA Tuner for Stockfish Chess Engine | Lakas GitHub- fsmosca/Lakas: Game parameter optimizer using nevergrad framework] by [[Joona KiiskiFerdinand Mosca]] » <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=76024 Laskas parameter optimizer] by [[StockfishFerdinand Mosca]], [[Stockfish's Tuning MethodCCC]]* [https:, December 09, 2020<//github.com/scikit-optimize/scikit-optimize GitHub - scikit-optimize/scikit-optimize: Sequential model-based optimization with a `scipy.optimize` interface]ref>
* [https://github.com/kiudee/bayes-skopt GitHub - kiudee/bayes-skopt: A fully Bayesian implementation of sequential model-based optimization] by [[Karlson Pfannschmidt]] » [[Fat Fritz]] <ref>[https://en.chessbase.com/post/fat-fritz-update-and-fat-fritz-jr Fat Fritz 1.1 update and a small gift] by [[Albert Silver]]. [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], March 05, 2020</ref>
* [https://github.com/kiudee/chess-tuning-tools GitHub - kiudee/chess-tuning-tools] by [[Karlson Pfannschmidt]] » [[Leela Chess Zero]]
* [https://github.com/krasserm/bayesian-machine-learning GitHub - krasserm/bayesian-machine-learning: Notebooks about Bayesian methods for machine learning] by [https://krasserm.github.io/ Martin Krasser] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=74209 Great input about Bayesian optimization of noisy function methods] by [[Vivien Clauzon]], [[CCC]], June 16, 2020</ref>
* [https://github.com/thomasahle/noisy-bayesian-optimization GitHub - thomasahle/noisy-bayesian-optimization: Bayesian Optimization for very Noisy functions] by [[Thomas Dybdahl Ahle]] » [[FastChess]]* [https://github.com/fsmoscascikit-optimize/Optunascikit-Gameoptimize GitHub -Parameterscikit-Tuner GitHub - fsmoscaoptimize/Optunascikit-Gameoptimize: Sequential model-Parameter-Tunerbased optimization with a `scipy.optimize` interface]* <span id="Rockstar"></span>[https://github.com/lantonov/Rockstar Rockstar: A game search and evaluation parameter tuner using optuna frameworkImplementation of ROCK* algorithm (Gaussian kernel regression + natural gradient descent) for optimisation | GitHub] by [[Ferdinand MoscaLyudmil Antonov]] and [[Joona Kiiski]] » [[DeuteriumAutomated Tuning#ROCK|ROCK*]] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum3forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=75104 Yet another parameter tuner using optuna framework65045 ROCK* black-box optimizer for chess] by [[Ferdinand MoscaJon Dart]], [[CCC]], September 14August 31, 20202017</ref>* [https://github.com/zamar/spsa SPSA Tuner for Stockfish Chess Engine | GitHub] by [[Joona Kiiski]] » [[Stockfish]], [[Stockfish's Tuning Method]]
==Misc==
* [[:Category:The Next Step Quintet|The Next Step Quintet]] feat. [http://www.tivonpennicott.com/ Tivon Pennicott] - [http://www.discogs.com/Next-Step-Quintet-The-Next-Step-Quintet/release/4970720 Regression], [https://el-gr.facebook.com/KerameioBar KerameioBar] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens Athens], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece Greece], September 2014, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video

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