Aspiration Windows

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Home * Search * Alpha-Beta * Aspiration Windows

The Non-Euclidean Window [1]

Aspiration windows are a way to reduce the search space in an alpha-beta search. The technique is to use a guess of the expected value (usually from the last iteration in iterative deepening), and use a window around this as the alpha-beta bounds. Because the window is narrower, more beta cutoffs are achieved, and the search takes a shorter time. The drawback is that if the true score is outside this window, then a costly re-search must be made. Typical window sizes are 1/2 to 1/4 of a pawn on either side of the guess.

Gradual Widening

Some programs, such as Crafty, also use a gradual widening on re-searches. For instance, if the window is, in pawns:

[g - 1/4, g + 1/4]

and the search fails high, the next search would be

[g - 1/4, g + 1]

It's important to note that the bound that didn't fail is unchanged. In a basic alpha-beta without search instability, one could have done the next search on

[g + 1/4, g + 1]

instead. However, a fully fledged search is typically full of search instability, and it will often happen that the above re-search will fail low! This is why it is best to only widen the bound that fails, and leave the other bound unchanged.

Modern engines, like Robbolito or Stockfish, start with a rather small aspiration window, and increase the bound that fails in an exponential fashion.

PVS and Aspiration

Using aspiration windows together with the principal variation search (PVS) causes some additional complications.

See also

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References

  1. Gerhard Hoehme - The Non-Euclidean Window (1964), mixed technique / wood on canvas, Art Museum, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, part of The Industrial Heritage Trail of the Ruhr area, Photo by Gerd Isenberg, October 30, 2016

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