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'''[[Main Page|Home]] * Artificial Intelligence'''
[[FILE:computerzeitalter.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://www.schaakkunst.nl/Schaakkunst_besser.htm?id=GK&id2=GA&id3=IN|[[Arts#:Category:Bernd Besser|Bernd Besser]], computerzeitalter <ref>[http://www.schaakkunst.nl/Schaakkunst_besser.htm?id=GK&id2=GA&id3=IN Schaakkunst Bernd Besser]</ref> ]]
'''Artificial Intelligence''', (AI)<br/>
the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence intelligence] of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. While 'machine intelligence' was already mentioned by [[Alan Turing]] in the 1940s during his research at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchley_Park Bletchley Park] <ref>[http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/ai.html Alan Turing Scrapbook - the Origins of Artificial Intelligence] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hodges [Mathematician#APHodges|Andrew Hodges]]</ref> <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Copeland B. Jack Copeland], [http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/ucresearchprofile/researcher.aspx?researcherid=84367 Diane Proudfoot] ('''2011-2012'''). ''[http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article040101.html Turing, Father of the Modern Computer]''. [http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/index.html The Rutherford Journal - The New Zealand Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology], Vol. 4 » with photos of [[Alan Turing]], [[John von Neumann]], [[Dietrich Prinz]], [[Christopher Strachey]], [[Jack Good]], [[Arthur Samuel]], [[Herbert Simon]], [[Allen Newell]], ...</ref> , the term 'artificial intelligence' was coined by [[John McCarthy]] in the proposal for the 1956 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_Conferences Dartmouth Conference] <ref>[[John McCarthy]], [[Marvin Minsky]], [[Nathaniel Rochester]], [[Claude Shannon]] ('''1955'''). ''[http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence]''.</ref> . In its beginning, Computer Chess was called the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila Drosophila] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence Artificial Intelligence]. In the 70s, when [[Brute-Force|brute-force]] programs started to dominate, and competitive and commercial aspects have taken precedence over using chess as a scientific domain, the AI community more and more lost interest in chess <ref>[[Hermann Kaindl]] ('''1985'''). ''[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=645759.666297 What Happened with AI's Drosophila]''? [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/%7Eley/db/conf/ogai/ogai1985.html ÖGAI 1985]: 194-203</ref> . In disagreement with the AI establishment in the 80s, [[Peter W. Frey]] concluded, that the AI community should follow computer chess methods rather than the other way around <ref>[[Peter W. Frey]] ('''1991'''). ''Memory-Based Expertise: Computer Chess vs. AI'', [[ICGA Journal#14_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 4]]</ref> .
=Drosophila of AI=
* [[Search]]
* [[Alan Turing#TuringTest|Turing Test]]
=Selected Publications=
==1945 ...==
* [[Mathematician#VannevarBush|Vannevar Bush]] ('''1945'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_We_May_Think As We May Think]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic The Atlantic Monthly], July 1945, [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-0.As_we_may_think.Bush-Vannevar/2-0.As_we_may_think.Bush-Vannevar.1945.ATLANTIC_MONTHLY.062303004.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [[Claude Shannon]] ('''1949'''). ''[http://www.pi.infn.it/%7Ecarosi/chess/shannon.txt Programming a Computer for Playing Chess]''. [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon.062303002.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
==1950 ...==
* [[Alan Turing]] ('''1950'''). ''[http://loebner.net/Prizef/TuringArticle.html Computing Machinery and Intelligence]''. Mind, 59, 433-460. [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-0%20and%202-1.Computing_machinery_and_intelligence.turing/2-0%20and%202-1.Computing_machinery_and_intelligence.turing-alan.mind-59.1950.062303001.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-abs_connect?return_req=no_params&author=Richards,%20Paul%20I.&db_key=GEN Paul I. Richards] ('''1951'''). ''Machines which can learn''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Scientist American Scientist], 39:711-716
* [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-abs_connect?return_req=no_params&author=Richards,%20Paul%20I.&db_key=GEN Paul I. Richards] ('''1952'''). ''On Game Learning Machines''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scientific_Monthly The Scientific Monthly], Vol. 74, No. 4, April 1952
* [[Marvin Minsky]] ('''1954'''). ''Neural Nets and the Brain Model Problem''. Ph.D. dissertation, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University Princeton University]
==1955 ...==
* [[John McCarthy]], [[Marvin Minsky]], [[Nathaniel Rochester]], [[Claude Shannon]] ('''1955'''). ''[http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence]''.
* [[Allen Newell]] ('''1955'''). ''The Chess Machine: An Example of Dealing with a Complex Task by Adaptation''. Proceedings Western Joint Computer Conference, pp. 101-108. Reprinted ('''1988''') in [[Computer Chess Compendium]]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Rosenblatt Frank Rosenblatt] ('''1957'''). ''The Perceptron - a Perceiving and Recognizing Automaton''. Report 85-460-1, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calspan#History Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory] <ref>[http://csis.pace.edu/~ctappert/srd2011/rosenblatt-contributions.htm Rosenblatt's Contributions]</ref>
* [[Allen Newell]], [[Cliff Shaw]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1958'''). ''Chess Playing Programs and the Problem of Complexity''. IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 320-335. Reprinted (1963) in [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=6685 Computers and Thought] (eds. [[Edward Feigenbaum|Edward A. Feigenbaum]] and [[Mathematician#JulianFeldman|Julian Feldman]]), pp. 39-70. McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y. [http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/024/ibmrd0204I.pdf pdf]
* [[John McCarthy]] ('''1959'''). ''[http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/mcc59/mcc59.html Programs with Common Sense]'', [http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/mcc59.pdf pdf]
* [[Allen Newell]], [[Cliff Shaw]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1959'''). ''Report on a general problem-solving program''. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Processing, pp. 256-264 <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Problem_Solver General Problem Solver from Wikipedia]</ref>
* [[Woodrow W. Bledsoe]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iben_Browning Iben Browning] ('''1959'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1460326 Pattern Recognition and Reading by Machine]''. In Proceedings of the Eastern Joint Computer Conference
==1960 ...==
* [http://www.rand.org/pubs/classics/building.html John D. Williams] ('''1960'''). ''Toward Intelligent Machines''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation RAND Corporation], P-2170, 29 December 1960
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortimer_Taube Mortimer Taube] ('''1961'''). ''Computers and Common Sense: The Myth of Thinking Machines''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press Columbia University Press]
* [[Marvin Minsky]] ('''1961'''). ''Steps Toward Artificial Intelligence''. Proc IRE, 49, pp. 8-30. Reprinted (1963) in [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=6685 Computers and Thought] (eds. [[Edward Feigenbaum|Edward A. Feigenbaum]] and [[Mathematician#JulianFeldman|Julian Feldman]]), [http://courses.csail.mit.edu/6.803/pdf/steps.pdf pdf]
* [[John Maynard Smith]], [[Donald Michie]] ('''1961'''). ''Machines that play games''. New Scientist, 12, 367-9. <ref>[http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/CSE/members/jms/JMSpublications.pdf Publications of John Maynard Smith] (pdf)</ref>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Rosenblatt Frank Rosenblatt] ('''1962'''). ''[http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000203591 Principles of Neurodynamics: Perceptrons and the Theory of Brain Mechanisms]''. Spartan Books
* [[Edward Feigenbaum]], [[Mathematician#JulianFeldman|Julian Feldman]] (eds.) ('''1963'''). ''[http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=6685 Computers and Thought]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill McGraw-Hill], New York, N.Y.
* [http://www.openminds.tv/nsa-practices-deciphering-et-signals-668/ Howard H. Campaigne] ('''1964'''). ''Time Is - Time Was - Time Is Past. Computers for Intelligence''. [http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/tech_journals/time_is.pdf pdf] from the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Agency National Security Agency]
==1965 ...==
* [[Mathematician#HDreyfus|Hubert L. Dreyfus]] ('''1965'''). ''[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=doc-431614f691d6d Alchemy and Artificial Intelligence]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND Rand] Paper.
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1965'''). ''[http://www.acceleratingfuture.com/pages/ultraintelligentmachine.html Speculations Concerning the First Ultraintelligent Machine]''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/%7Eley/db/journals/ac/ac6.html Advances in Computers, Vol. 6], [http://www.stat.vt.edu/tech_reports/2005/GoodTechReport.pdf pdf], [http://commonsenseatheism.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Good-Speculations-Concerning-the-First-Ultraintelligent-Machine.pdf pdf]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Solomonoff Ray Solomonoff] ('''1966'''). ''Some Recent Work in Artificial Intelligence''. Proc. of the [[IEEE]], [http://world.std.com/%7Erjs/Some%20Recent%20Work%20in%20Artificial%20Intelligence.pdf pdf]
* [[Marvin Minsky]], [[Mathematician#SPapert|Seymour Papert]] ('''1969'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptrons_%28book%29 Perceptrons]''. <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_winter#The_abandonment_of_connectionism_in_1969 The abandonment of connectionism in 1969 - Wikipedia]</ref> <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Rosenblatt Frank Rosenblatt] ('''1962'''). ''[http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000203591 Principles of Neurodynamics: Perceptrons and the Theory of Brain Mechanisms]''. Spartan Books</ref>
* [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1969'''). ''The Sciences of the Artificial''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press The MIT Press], 1st Edition
==1970 ...==
* [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] ('''1970'''). ''Computers, Chess and Long-Range Planning''. Springer-Verlag, New York.
* [[James R. Slagle]] ('''1971'''). ''Artificial Intelligence: The Heuristic Programming Approach''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill McGraw-Hill]
* [[Mathematician#NilsNilsson|Nils J. Nilsson]] ('''1971'''). ''Problem Solving Methods in Artificial Intelligence''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill McGraw-Hill]
* [[Mathematician#NFindler|Nicholas V. Findler]], [[Mathematician#BMeltzer|Bernard Meltzer]] (eds.) ('''1971'''). ''Artificial Intelligence and Heuristic Programming''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press Edinburgh University Press], ISBN 0-85224-199-2
* [[Marvin Minsky]], [[Mathematician#SPapert|Seymour Papert]] ('''1972'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptrons_%28book%29 Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press The MIT Press], 2nd edition with corrections
* [[Mathematician#HDreyfus|Hubert L. Dreyfus]] ('''1972, 1979, 1991'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Computers_Can%27t_Do What Computers Can't Do]''.
* [http://www.ai.sri.com/people/firschein Oscar Firschein], [http://www.ai.sri.com/people/fischler Martin A. Fischler], [[L. Stephen Coles]], [http://commerce.net/board-member/dr-jay-m-tenenbaum/ Jay M. Tenenbaum] ('''1973'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1624789 Forecasting and Assessing the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Society]''. [[Conferences#IJCAI|3. IJCAI]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford,_California Stanford, California]
* [[Donald Michie]] ('''1974'''). ''On Machine Intelligence''. Edinburgh: University Press, [http://www.abebooks.com/servlet/SearchResults?isbn=085224262X abebooks.com], [http://www.alibris.com/search/books/qwork/4836304/used/On%20machine%20intelligence alibris.com], [http://www.biblio.com/isbn/9780852242629.html biblio.com]
==1975 ...==
* [[Mathematician#Holland|John H. Holland]] ('''1975'''). ''Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence''. [http://www.amazon.com/Adaptation-Natural-Artificial-Systems-Introductory/dp/0262581116 amazon.com]
* [[A. Harry Klopf]] ('''1975'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1045237 A Comparison of Natural and Artificial Intelligence]''. [[ACM#SIG|ACM SIGART Bulletin]], No. 52
* [[Allen Newell]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1976'''). ''[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=doc-431614f691642 Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search]''. [[ACM#Communications|Communications of the ACM]], Vol. 19, No. 3, ACM Turing Award Lecture, [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-3.Computer_science_as_empirical_inquiry/2-3.Computer_science_as_empirical_inquiry.newell_simon.1975.ACM.062303007.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_symbol_system Physical symbol system from Wikipedia]</ref>
* [[Donald Michie]] ('''1976'''). ''[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1045272 AL1: a package for generating strategies from tables]''. [[ACM#SIG|ACM SIGART Bulletin]], No. 59
* [[Donald Michie]] ('''1976'''). ''An Advice-Taking System for Computer Chess.'' Computer Bulletin, Ser. 2, Vol. 10, pp. 12-14. ISSN 0010-4531.
* [[Mathematician#ARosenfeld|Azriel Rosenfeld]], [[Mathematician#JeromeFeldman|Jerome A. Feldman]], [[Laveen Kanal|Laveen N. Kanal]], [[Patrick Winston|Patrick H. Winston]] ('''1977'''). ''AI and Pattern Recognition''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/ijcai/ijcai77.html#RosenfeldFKW77 IJCAI 1977]
* [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''1979'''). ''Implementing Search Heuristics using the AL1 Advice-Taking System''. Proc. Sixth Int. Joint Conf. on Art. Intell., pp. 95-97.
* [[Alan H. Bond]] ('''1979'''). ''An Approach to Artificial Intelligence''. [http://www.exso.com/position/approc.pdf pdf]
* <span id="MachinesWhoThink1"></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_McCorduck Pamela McCorduck] ('''1979'''). ''Machines Who Think''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._H._Freeman_and_Company W. H. Freeman] » [[#MachinesWhoThink|25th anniversary edition]]
==1980 ...==
* [[Allen Newell]] ('''1980'''). ''Physical Symbol Systems''. [http://cognitivesciencesociety.org/journal_csj.html Cognitive Science], Vol. 4, No. 2
* [[Mikhail Botvinnik]], [[Boris Stilman]], [[Alexander Yudin]], [[Alexander Reznitskiy]], [[Michael Tsfasman]] ('''1980'''). ''Thinking of Man and Computer'', Proc. of the Second International Meeting on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 1-9, Repino, Leningrad, Russia
* [[David Wilkins]] ('''1980'''). ''Using patterns and plans in chess''. Artificial Intelligence, vol. 14, pp. 165-203. Reprinted ('''1988''') in [[Computer Chess Compendium]]
* [[Marvin Minsky]] ('''1980'''). ''K-Lines: A Theory of Memory''. Cognitive Science 4, 117-133, [http://csjarchive.cogsci.rpi.edu/1980v04/i02/p0117p0133/MAIN.PDF pdf] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-line_%28artificial_intelligence%29 K-line (artificial intelligence) from Wikipedia]</ref>
* [[Mathematician#TWinograd|Terry Winograd]] ('''1980'''). ''What Does it Mean to Understand Language?'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_Science_(journal) Cognitive Science], Vol. 4, No. 3
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1981'''). ''An Examination of Brute Force Intelligence.'' Proceedings of [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/%7Eley/db/conf/ijcai/ijcai81.html IJCAI 81], Vancouver, pp. 581-587, Vancouver. [http://ijcai.org/Past%20Proceedings/IJCAI-81-VOL%201/PDF/105.pdf pdf]
* [http://www.linkedin.com/in/avronbarr Avron Barr], [[Edward Feigenbaum]] (eds.) ('''1981'''). ''[http://archive.org/details/handbookofartific01barr The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence]''. Vol. 1, HeurisTech Press
* [http://www.linkedin.com/in/avronbarr Avron Barr], [[Edward Feigenbaum]] (eds). ('''1982'''). ''[http://archive.org/details/handbookofartific02barr The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence]''. Vol. 2, HeurisTech Press
* [http://w3.sista.arizona.edu/~cohen/ Paul Cohen], [[Edward Feigenbaum]] (eds.) ('''1982'''). ''[http://archive.org/details/handbookofartific03cohe The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence]''. Vol. 3, HeurisTech Press
* [[Donald Michie]] ('''1982'''). ''Chess with computers. Machine Intelligence and Related Topics''. Gordon and Breach Science
* [[Dana S. Nau]], [[Vipin Kumar]], [[Laveen Kanal|Laveen N. Kanal]] ('''1982'''). ''A General Paradigm for A.I. Search Procedures''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/aaai/aaai82.html#NauKK82 AAAI 1982]
* [http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/index.html Marek Perkowski], [http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_G%C3%B3ralski Andrzej Goralski], [[Gerard Zieliński]] ('''1982'''). ''Elements of Artificial Intelligence''. Institute of Automatic Control, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_University_of_Technology Warsaw University of Technology]
* [[A. Harry Klopf]] ('''1982'''). ''The Hedonistic Neuron: A Theory of Memory, Learning, and Intelligence''. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, [[University of Michigan]]
* [[Danny Kopec]], [[Donald Michie]] ('''1983'''). ''Mismatch between machine representations and human concepts: dangers and remedies.'' FAST series No. 9 report. European Community, Brussels.
* [[Ryszard Michalski]], [[Jaime Carbonell]], [[Tom Mitchell]] ('''1983'''). ''Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach''. Tioga Publishing Company, [http://books.google.com/books?id=KlNQAAAAMAAJ&q=isbn:0935382054&dq=isbn:0935382054&hl=de&ei=JE4-TtymDInUsgbmm_kG&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA google books]
* [[Mathematician#TWinograd|Terry Winograd]] ('''1983'''). ''[https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1098647 Language as a cognitive process 1: Syntax]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison-Wesley Addison-Wesley]
==1985 ...==
* [[Ryszard Michalski]], [[Jaime Carbonell]], [[Tom Mitchell]] ('''1985'''). ''Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach''. Morgan Kaufmann, [http://books.google.com/books?id=TWzuUd5gsnkC&dq=isbn%3A0935382054&hl=de&source=gbs_book_other_versions google books]
* [[Hermann Kaindl]] ('''1985'''). ''[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=645759.666297 What Happened with AI's Drosophila]''? [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/%7Eley/db/conf/ogai/ogai1985.html ÖGAI 1985]: 194-203
* [[Chin-Liang Chang]] ('''1985'''). ''Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Techniques''. JMA Press, [http://openlibrary.org/works/OL4956559W/Introduction_to_artificial_intelligence_techniques Open Library]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Grabiner Judith V. Grabiner] ('''1986'''). ''Computers and the Nature of Man: A Historian's Perspective of Controversies about Artificial Intelligence''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society], Vol. 15, No. 2, [http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1986-15-02/S0273-0979-1986-15461-3/S0273-0979-1986-15461-3.pdf pdf]
* [[Ryszard Michalski]], [[Jaime Carbonell]], [[Tom Mitchell]] ('''1986'''). ''Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach, Volume II''. Morgan Kaufmann, [http://books.google.com/books?id=f9RylgKpHZsC&dq=isbn%3A0935382054&hl=de&source=gbs_book_other_versions google books]
* [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1986'''). ''[http://www.computer.org/csdl/trans/ts/1986/07/06312974-abs.html Whether Software Engineering Needs to Be Artificially Intelligent]''. [[IEEE#SE|IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering]], Vol. 12, No. 7
* [[Michael Genesereth]], [[Mathematician#NilsNilsson|Nils J. Nilsson]] ('''1987'''). ''[https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780934613316/logical-foundations-of-artificial-intelligence Logical Foundations of Artificial Intelligence]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Kaufmann_Publishers Morgan Kaufmann]
* [[Mathematician#TWinograd|Terry Winograd]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Flores Fernando Flores] ('''1987'''). ''[https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=576359 Understanding computers and cognition - a new foundation for design]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison-Wesley Addison-Wesley]
* [[Mathematician#JELaird|John E. Laird]], [[Allen Newell]], [[Paul S. Rosenbloom]] ('''1987'''). ''SOAR: An Architecture for General Intelligence''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_(journal) Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 33, No. 1
* [[Christopher Chabris]] ('''1987'''). ''Artificial Intelligence and Turbo Pascal - Book and Disk''. Irwin Professional Pub, [http://www.amazon.com/Artificial-Intelligence-Turbo-Pascal-Book/dp/0870949632/ref=sr_1_10?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1352556486&sr=1-10 amazon.com] » [[Pascal#TurboPascal|Turbo Pascal]]
* [[Marvin Minsky]] ('''1988'''). ''[http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/papers/ComputersCantThink.txt Why People Think Computers Can't]''. [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]
* [[Marvin Minsky]] ('''1988'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Mind Society of Mind]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster Simon & Schuster]
* [[David E. Goldberg]] ('''1989'''). ''Genetic algorithms in search, optimization, and machine learning''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison-Wesley Addison-Wesley], from [http://www.amazon.com/Genetic-Algorithms-Optimization-Machine-Learning/dp/0201157675 amazon.com]
* [[Mikhail Donskoy]], [[Jonathan Schaeffer]] ('''1989'''). ''Perspectives on Falling from Grace''. [[WCCC 1989#Workshop|Workshop on New Directions in Game-Tree Search]], [http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~jonathan/publications/ai_publications/grace.pdf pdf], revised version published ('''1990'''). in [[Computers, Chess, and Cognition]]
==1990 ...==
* [[John McCarthy]] ('''1990'''). ''Chess as the Drosophila of AI.'' [[Computers, Chess, and Cognition]], pp. 227-237 <ref>[[John McCarthy]] ('''1997'''). ''Chess as the Drosophila of AI''. Computer Science Department, [[Stanford University]], condensed version of the 1990 paper, [http://innovation.it.uts.edu.au/projectjmc/articles/drosophila/drosophila.pdf pdf]</ref>
* [[Mikhail Donskoy]], [[Jonathan Schaeffer]] ('''1990'''). ''Perspectives on Falling from Grace.'' [[Computers, Chess, and Cognition]]
* [[Yves Kodratoff]], [[Ryszard Michalski]] ('''1990, 2014'''). ''[https://www.elsevier.com/books/machine-learning/kodratoff/978-0-08-051055-2 Machine Learning : An Artificial Intelligence Approach, Volume III]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Kaufmann_Publishers Morgan Kaufmann]
* [[Richard Fikes]] ('''1990'''). ''AI and Software Engineering - Managing Exploratory Programming''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/aaai/aaai90.html#Fikes90 AAAI 1990]
* [[Mathematician#NFindler|Nicholas V. Findler]] ('''1990'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-75736-5 Contributions to a Computer-Based Theory of Strategies]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil Ray Kurzweil] ('''1990'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Intelligent_Machines The Age of Intelligent Machines]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press MIT Press]
'''1991'''
* [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1991'''). ''Artificial Intelligence: Where Has It Been, Where is it Going''? [[IEEE#TKDE|IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering]], Vol. 3, No. 2
* [[Robert Levinson]], [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]], [[Tony Marsland]], [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[David Wilkins]] ('''1991'''). ''The Role of Chess in Artificial Intelligence Research''. [http://dli.iiit.ac.in/ijcai/IJCAI-91-VOL1/CONTENT/content.htm IJCAI 1991], [http://dli.iiit.ac.in/ijcai/IJCAI-91-VOL1/PDF/084.pdf pdf], also in [[ICGA Journal#14_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3]], [http://www.ai.sri.com/%7Ewilkins/papers/chess-panel.pdf pdf]
* [[Peter W. Frey]] ('''1991'''). ''Memory-Based Expertise: Computer Chess vs. AI''. [[ICGA Journal#14_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 4]]
* [[Dinesh Gadwal]], [http://www.cs.usask.ca/faculty/greer/ Jim Greer], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_McCalla Gordon McCalla] ('''1991'''). ''UMRAO: A Chess Endgame Tutor.'' ARIES Laboratory, Department of Computational Science, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan University of Saskatchewan], [http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/ijcai/ijcai91.html IJCAI-91], [http://ijcai.org/Past%20Proceedings/IJCAI-91-VOL2/PDF/069.pdf pdf]
* [[Robert W. Howard]] ('''1991'''). ''All about Intelligence: Human, Animal, and Artificial''. New South Wales University Press Ltd, [http://www.amazon.com/All-About-Intelligence-Animal-Artificial/dp/0868402524 amazon.com]
* [[Rajjan Shinghal]] ('''1991'''). ''Formal Concepts in Artificial Intelligence: Fundamentals''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman_%26_Hall Chapman & Hall], [https://www.amazon.com/Formal-Concepts-Artificial-Intelligence-Fundamentals/dp/0412407906 amazon.com]
'''1992'''
* [[Patrick Winston]] ('''1992''') ''[http://people.csail.mit.edu/phw/Books/AIBACK.HTML Artificial Intelligence].'' (third Edition)
* [[Peter Norvig]] ('''1992'''). ''[http://norvig.com/paip.html Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp]''. [http://mkp.com/ Morgan Kaufmann]
'''1993'''
* [[Helmut Horacek]] ('''1993'''). ''Computer Chess, its Impact on Artificial Intelligence.'' [[ICGA Journal#16_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 1]] » [[WCCC 1992#Workshop|WCCC 1992 - Workshop]]
* [[Matthew L. Ginsberg]] ('''1993'''). ''[http://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/2746445 Essentials of artificial intelligence]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Kaufmann_Publishers Morgan Kaufmann Publishers]
* [[Paul S. Rosenbloom]], [[Mathematician#JELaird|John E. Laird]], [[Allen Newell]] ('''1993'''). ''The SOAR Papers: Research on Integrated Intelligence''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press MIT Press], [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Soar-Papers-Integrated-Intelligence-Artificial/dp/0262680718 amazon]
'''1994'''
* [[Victor Allis]] ('''1994'''). ''Searching for Solutions in Games and Artificial Intelligence''. Ph.D. Thesis, [[Maastricht University|University of Limburg]], [http://fragrieu.free.fr/SearchingForSolutions.pdf pdf]
* [[Boris Stilman]] ('''1994'''). ''A Linguistic Geometry for Space Applications'', Proc. of the 1994 Goddard Conference on Space Applications of Artificial Intelligence, pp. 87-101, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA.
* [[Ryszard Michalski]], [[George Tecuci]] ('''1994'''). ''Machine Learning: A Multistrategy Approach, Volume IV''. Morgan Kaufmann, [http://books.google.com/books?id=sQJ1PMEOOY0C&dq=isbn%3A0935382054&hl=de&source=gbs_book_other_versions google books]
* [[L. Stephen Coles]] ('''1994'''). ''Computer Chess: The Drosophila of AI''. AI Expert, Vol. 9, No. 4, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_Freeman,_Inc. Miller Freeman, Inc.], [http://www.drdobbs.com/high-performance-computing/184405171 posted October 30, 2002] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Dobb%27s_Journal Dr. Dobbs]
==1995 ...==
* [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1995'''). ''Explaining the Ineffable: AI on the Topics of Intuition, Insight and Inspiration''. [[Conferences#IJCAI1995|IJCAI 1995]], [http://www.ijcai.org/Past%20Proceedings/IJCAI-95-VOL%201/pdf/121.pdf pdf]
* [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1995'''). ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/000437029500039H Artificial Intelligence: An Empirical Science]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 77, No. 1
* [[Jacques Pitrat]] ('''1995'''). ''[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=212124 AI Systems Are Dumb Because AI Researchers Are Too Clever]''. [[ACM#Surveys|ACM Computing Surveys]], [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/%7Eley/db/journals/csur/csur27.html#Pitrat95 Vol. 27, No. 3]
* [[Edward Feigenbaum]], [[Mathematician#JulianFeldman|Julian Feldman]] (eds.) ('''1995'''). ''[http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=6685 Computers and Thought]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press MIT Press]
* [[Jay Burmeister]], [[Janet Wiles]] ('''1995'''). ''The Challenge of Go as a Domain for AI Research: A Comparison Between Go and Chess''. In Proceedings of the Third Australian and New Zealand Conference on Intelligent Information Systems, [http://ewh.ieee.org/r10/w_australia/ IEEE Western Australia Section], [http://staff.itee.uq.edu.au/janetw/Computer%20Go/go-vs-chess.pdf pdf]
* [[Matjaž Gams]] ('''1995'''). ''Strong vs. Weak AI''. [https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/informaticaSI/informaticaSI19.html Informatica (Slovenia), Vol. 19], No. 4
'''1996'''
* [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1996'''). ''The Sciences of the Artificial''. [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=7688 MIT Press, 3rd Edition 1996], [http://www.amazon.com/Sciences-Artificial-Herbert-Simon/dp/0262691914 amazon]
* [[Edward Feigenbaum|Edward A. Feigenbaum]] ('''1996''') ''How the “What“ Becomes the “How“''. [[ACM#Communications|Communications of the ACM]], Vol. 39, No. 5, [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-1.How_the_what_becomes_the_how.Feigenbaum/2-1.How_the_what_becomes_the_how.Feigenbaum-Ed.1994.ACM.062303006.pdf pdf] hosted by [[The Computer History Museum]]
'''1997'''
* [[Tony Marsland]], [[Yngvi Björnsson]]. ('''1997'''). ''From MiniMax to Manhattan''. In Deep Blue Versus Kasparov: The Significance for Artificial Intelligence. AAAI Workshop, pp. 31–36, 1997. [http://www.ru.is/faculty/yngvi/pdf/MarslandB97.pdf pdf]
* [[John McCarthy]] ('''1997'''). ''Chess as the Drosophila of AI''. Computer Science Department, [[Stanford University]], condensed version of the 1990 paper, [http://innovation.it.uts.edu.au/projectjmc/articles/drosophila/drosophila.pdf pdf]
* [[Richard Korf]] ('''1997'''). ''Does DEEP BLUE use Artificial Intelligence?'' [[ICGA Journal#20_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 4]] <ref>[https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=14647 Re: ICCA Journal Sinks To A New Low] by [[Amir Ban]], [[CCC]], January 25, 1998</ref>
* [[John McCarthy]] ('''1997'''). ''[http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/newborn/newborn.html AI as Sport].'' Science, Vol. 276
* [[Santos Gerardo Lazzeri]], [[Rachelle Heller]] ('''1997'''). ''Application of Fuzzy Logic and Case-Based Reasoning to the Generation of High-Level Advice in Chess''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 8]]
* [[Matjaž Gams]], [[Mathematician#MPaprzycki|Marcin Paprzycki]], [http://www.ucs.louisiana.edu/~xxw8007/ Xindong Wu] (eds.) ('''1997'''). ''[https://www.iospress.nl/book/mind-versus-computer/ Mind Versus Computer: Were Dreyfus and Winograd Right?]'' [https://www.iospress.nl/bookserie/frontiers-in-artificial-intelligence-and-applications/ Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications], Vol. 43, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_Press IOS Press] <ref>[https://www.biblio.com/dunlop-charles-e-m/author/1216693 Charles E. M. Dunlop] ('''2000'''). ''Book Review 'Mind Versus Computer' ''. [https://link.springer.com/journal/11023 Minds and Machines], Vol. 10, No. 2</ref> <ref>[[Matjaž Gams]] ('''2002'''). ''[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1013746105950 The Turing machine may not be the universal machine]''. [https://link.springer.com/journal/11023 Minds and Machines], Vol. 12, No. 1</ref>
'''1998'''
* [[Franz-Günter Winkler]], [[Johannes Fürnkranz]] ('''1998'''). ''A Hypothesis on the Divergence of AI Research.'' [[ICGA Journal#21_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 21, No. 1]], [http://members.aon.at/fgwinkler/PAPER/AI_chess.pdf pdf]
* <span id="FundamentalsNAI1st"></span>[[Toshinori Munakata]] ('''1998'''). ''[http://cis.csuohio.edu/~munakata/publs/book/sp.html Fundamentals of the New Artificial Intelligence: Beyond Traditional Paradigms]''. 1st edition, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer], [[Artificial Intelligence#FundamentalsNAI2nd|2nd edition 2008]]
'''1999'''
* [[Mathematician#CJongeneel|Christian Jongeneel]] <ref>[[Mathematician#CJongeneel|Christian Jongeneel]] ('''1996'''). ''[http://repository.tudelft.nl/view/ir/uuid%3A384c7d0f-1869-4262-b8dd-e263637cb035/ The informatical worldview, an inquiry into the methodology of computer science]''. Ph.D. thesis, [[Delft University of Technology]], advisor [[Henk Koppelaar]], [http://www.christianjongeneel.nl/gepubliceerde-boeken/de-programmeur-en-de-kangoeroedans/the-evolution-of-information-in-man-and-machine/ The evolution of information in man and machine | Christian Jongeneel]</ref>, [[Henk Koppelaar]] ('''1999'''). ''[http://www.christianjongeneel.nl/gepubliceerde-boeken/goedel-pro-and-contra-ai-dismissal-of-the-case/ Gödel pro and contra AI: dismissal of the case]''. [http://www.journals.elsevier.com/engineering-applications-of-artificial-intelligence/ Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 12, No. 5
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil Ray Kurzweil] ('''1999'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Spiritual_Machines The Age of Spiritual Machines]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Press Viking Press]
==2000 ...==
* [[Bart Selman]] ('''2000'''). ''Compute-intensive Methods in Artificial Intelligence''. [http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/amai/amai28.html#Selman00 Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 28, Nos. 1-4], [http://www.cs.cornell.edu/selman/papers/pdf/00.mathai.compute.pdf pdf]
* [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2001,2010'''). ''[http://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=wikipedia&q=isbn%3A0201403757 Prolog programming for artificial intelligence]''. Harlow England, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison-Wesley Addison Wesley]
* [[Monroe Newborn]] ('''2002'''). ''[http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0387954619/qid=1092079555/sr=1-3/ref=sr_1_3/103-5426465-5223053?v=glance&s=books Deep Blue: An Artificial Intelligence Milestone]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer]
* [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Jaap van den Herik]] ('''2002'''). ''Games, computers, and artificial intelligence''. Artificial Intelligence 134, [http://www.acso.uneb.br/marcosimoes/Arquivos/IA/sdarticle_games.pdf pdf]
* [[Jürgen Schmidhuber]] ('''2003'''). ''[http://www.idsia.ch/%7Ejuergen/newai/newai.html The New AI:General & Sound & Relevant for Physics]''. Technical Report IDSIA-04-03
* [[Eric B. Baum]] ('''2004'''). ''[http://www.whatisthought.com/ What is Thought?]'' Bradford Book
* [[Mathematician#KWarwick|Kevin Warwick]] ('''2004'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_the_Machines March of the Machines: The Breakthrough in Artificial Intelligence]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press University of Illinois Press]
* [[Mathematician#KWarwick|Kevin Warwick]] ('''2004'''). ''[http://kevinwarwick.coventry.ac.uk/I-Cyborg/ I, Cyborg]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press University of Illinois Press]
* <span id="MachinesWhoThink"></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_McCorduck Pamela McCorduck] ('''2004'''). ''[http://www.pamelamc.com/html/machines_who_think.html Machines Who Think: A Personal Inquiry into the History and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_K_Peters A. K. Peters] (25th anniversary edition) » [[#MachinesWhoThink1|1st edition]]
: Interviews with [https://dblp.uni-trier.de/pers/hd/a/Armer:Paul Paul Armer], [[Alex Bernstein]], [[Woodrow W. Bledsoe|W. W. Bledsoe]], [http://www.ai.sri.com/people/abrain/ Ted Brain], <span style="background-color: #ffffac;">[[Mathematician#BGBuchanan|Bruce Buchanan]]</span>, [https://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=137710 Max Clowes], [[L. Stephen Coles]], <span style="background-color: #ffffac;">[[Mathematician#HDreyfus|Hubert Dreyfus]]</span>, [[Edward Feigenbaum]], <span style="background-color: #ffffac;">[[Mathematician#JulianFeldman|Julian Feldman]]</span>, [[Edward Fredkin]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Gelernter Herbert Gelernter], [[Jack Good|I. J. Good]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Harmon Leon Harmon], [[John McCarthy]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_MacCrimmon_MacKay Donald MacKay], [[Donald Michie]], [[Marvin Minsky]], <span style="background-color: #ffffac;">[[Mathematician#JMoses|Joel Moses]]</span>, [[Allen Newell]], <span style="background-color: #ffffac;">[[Mathematician#NilsNilsson|Nils Nilsson]]</span>, <span style="background-color: #ffffac;">[[Mathematician#SPapert|Seymour Papert]]</span>, <span style="background-color: #ffffac;">[[Mathematician#BRaphael|Bertram Raphael]]</span>, <span style="background-color: #ffffac;">[[Mathematician#RajReddy|Raj Reddy]]</span>, [[Nathaniel Rochester]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rosen_(scientist) Charles Rosen], [[Arthur Samuel]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Selfridge Oliver Selfridge], [[Claude Shannon]], [[Cliff Shaw|J. C. Shaw]], [[Herbert Simon|Herbert A. Simon]], [[James R. Slagle|James Slagle]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Solomonoff Ray Solomonoff], [https://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=135611 Fred Tonge], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum Joseph Weizenbaum], and <span style="background-color: #ffffac;">[[Mathematician#LAZadeh|Lotfi Zadeh]]</span>.
==2005 ...==
* [[Dap Hartmann]] ('''2005'''). ''The True Holy Grail of Artificial Intelligence''. [[ICGA Journal#28_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''2005'''). ''[http://www.akpeters.com/robotsunlimited/ Robots Unlimited: Life in a Virtual Age]''. AK Peters
* [[Marcus Hutter]] ('''2005'''). ''[http://www.hutter1.net/ai/uaibook.htm Universal Artificial Intelligence]''. Sequential Decisions based on Algorithmic Probability, [http://www.springer.com/computer/ai/book/978-3-540-22139-5 Springer]
* [[Pieter Spronck]] ('''2005'''). ''Adaptive Game AI''. Ph.D. thesis, [[Maastricht University]], [http://ticc.uvt.nl/~pspronck/pubs/ThesisSpronck.pdf pdf]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil Ray Kurzweil] ('''2005'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Singularity_Is_Near The Singularity Is Near]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Press Viking]
'''2006'''
* [[Azlan Iqbal]] ('''2006'''). ''Is Aesthetics Computable?'' [[ICGA Journal#29_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 1]], [http://metalab.uniten.edu.my/%7Eazlan/Research/pdfs/iac_azlan.pdf pdf]
* [[Max Bramer]] (ed.) ('''2006'''). ''[https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-0-387-34747-9 Artificial Intelligence in Theory and Practice]''. [[Conferences#IFIP19|IFIP 19th World Computer Congress]]. Proceedings. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer]
'''2007'''
* [[Edward Feigenbaum]] ('''2007'''). ''[https://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/1905 Happy Silver Anniversary, AI!]'' [[AAAI#AIMAG|AI Magazine]], Vol. 27, No. 4
* [[Marvin Minsky]] ('''2007'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emotion_Machine The Emotion Machine: Commonsense Thinking, Artificial Intelligence, and the Future of the Human Mind]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster Simon & Schuster] <ref>[http://www.terasemjournals.org/PCJournal/PC0303/mm1.html Terasem Journal of Personal Cyberconsciousness - Marvin Lee Minsky discussing his book, The Emotion Machine] </ref>
* [[David Levy]] ('''2007'''). ''Love and Sex With Robots: The Evolution of Human-Robot Relationships''. Harper Collins, [http://www.amazon.com/Love-Sex-Robots-Human-Robot-Relationships/dp/0061359750 amazon.com]
* [[Jürgen Schmidhuber]] ('''2007'''). ''2006: Celebrating 75 years of AI - History and Outlook: the Next 25 Years''. [https://arxiv.org/abs/0708.4311 arXiv:0708.4311]
'''2008'''
* [[Guillaume Chaslot]], [[Sander Bakkes]], [[István Szita]], [[Pieter Spronck]] ('''2008'''). ''Monte-Carlo Tree Search: A New Framework for Game AI''. [http://sander.landofsand.com/publications/AIIDE08_Chaslot.pdf pdf]
* [[István Szita]], [[Marc Ponsen]], [[Pieter Spronck]] ('''2008'''). ''Keeping Adaptive Game AI interesting''. [http://www.cgamesusa.com/08/ CGames 2008], [http://web.eotvos.elte.hu/szityu/papers/SzitaPonsenSpronck08Interesting.pdf pdf draft], [http://ticc.uvt.nl/~pspronck/pubs/CGAMES08Szita.pdf pdf]
* [[Brian Schwab]] ('''2008'''). ''[http://search.barnesandnoble.com/Ai-Game-Engine-Programming/Brian-Schwab/e/9781584505723 AI Game Engine Programming]''. Second Edition, [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1584505729 amazon] » [[Faile]]
* [[Mark Watson]] ('''2008'''). ''Practical Artificial Intelligence Programming With Java''. Third Edition, [http://www.markwatson.com/opencontent_data/JavaAI3rd.pdf pdf] <ref>[https://github.com/mark-watson Mark Watson · GitHub]</ref> » [[Java]]
* [[Michael Thielscher]] ('''2008'''). ''Artificial Intelligence and General Game Playing''. [[Workshop Chess and Mathematics]] » [[General Game Playing]]
* <span id="FundamentalsNAI2nd"></span>[[Toshinori Munakata]] ('''2008'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-84628-839-5 Fundamentals of the New Artificial Intelligence: Neural, Evolutionary, Fuzzy and More]''. 2nd edition, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer], [[Artificial Intelligence#FundamentalsNAI1st|1st edition 1998]]
* [http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/lums/people/brian-bloomfield Brian Bloomfield], [http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/lums/people/theodore-vurdubakis Theodore Vurdubakis] ('''2008'''). ''[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01972240701883922 IBM's Chess Players: On AI and Its Supplements]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Information_Society The Information Society], Vol. 24, No. 2 » [[Deep Blue]]
* [[Max Bramer]] (ed.) ('''2008'''). ''[https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-0-387-09695-7 Artificial Intelligence in Theory and Practice II]''. [[Conferences#IFIP20|IFIP 20th World Computer Congress]]. Proceedings. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer]
'''2009'''
* [[Stuart Russell]], [[Peter Norvig]] ('''2009'''). ''[http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/ Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach]''. 3rd edition <ref>[[Java]] [http://code.google.com/p/aima-java/ implementation of algorithms] from [[Peter Norvig|Norvig]] and [[Stuart Russell|Russell's]] ''[http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/ Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach]''. 3rd edition</ref>
* [[Jacques Pitrat]] ('''2009'''). ''[http://www.iste.co.uk/index.php?f=a&ACTION=View&id=257 Artificial Beings: The Conscience of a Conscious Machine]''. Wiley
* [[Diego Rasskin-Gutman]] ('''2009'''). ''[http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=11847 Chess Metaphors - Artificial Intelligence and the Human Mind]''. translated by [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/author/default.asp?aid=36831 Deborah Klosky], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press MIT Press] <ref>[http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=6097 Chess Metaphors – Artificial Intelligence and the Human Mind] by [[Diego Rasskin-Gutman]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], January 28, 2010</ref>
* [[Mathematician#NilsNilsson|Nils J. Nilsson]] ('''2009'''). ''[http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/computer-science/artificial-intelligence-and-natural-language-processing/quest-artificial-intelligence The Quest for Artificial Intelligence: A History of Ideas and Achievements]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press Cambridge University Press]
* [[Zongmin Ma]] ('''2009'''). ''[http://www.igi-global.com/book/artificial-intelligence-maximizing-content-based/87 Artificial Intelligence for Maximizing Content Based Image Retrieval]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_University_%28China%29 Northeastern University, China]
* [[Shay Bushinsky]] ('''2009'''). ''[http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/2255 Deus Ex Machina— A Higher Creative Species in the Game of Chess]''. [[AAAI#AIMAG|AI Magazine]], Vol. 30, No. 3 » [[Artificial Intelligence#MachineCreativity|Machine Creativity]]
* [[Max Bramer]] (ed.) ('''2009'''). ''[https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-642-03226-4 Artificial Intelligence: An International Perspective]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecture_Notes_in_Computer_Science LNCS], Vol. 5640, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer]
==2010 ...==
* [[Sander Bakkes]] ('''2010'''). ''Rapid Adaptation of Video Game AI''. Ph.D. thesis, [[Tilburg University]], [http://sander.landofsand.com/phdthesis/Sander_Bakkes_-_PhD_Thesis_Camera_Ready_Copy.pdf pdf] <ref>[[Dap Hartmann]] ('''2010'''). ''Sander Bakkes: Rapid Adaptation of Video Game AI''. Review, [[ICGA Journal#34_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 1]]</ref>
* [[Pieter Spronck]] ('''2010'''). ''Adaptive Game AI''. [[Tilburg University]], [http://www.computingscience.nl/docs/vakken/mgmag/Adaptive%20Game%20AI%202010.pdf pdf]
* [[Paul S. Rosenbloom]] ('''2010'''). ''An Architectural Approach to Statistical Relational AI''. [http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/aaai/stat2010.html#Rosenbloom10 Statistical Relational Artificial Intelligence 2010]
* [[Max Bramer]] (ed.) ('''2010'''). ''[https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-642-15286-3 Artificial Intelligence in Theory and Practice III]''. [[Conferences#IFIP21|Third IFIP International Conference on Artificial Intelligence]]. Proceedings. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer]
'''2011'''
* [[Joel Veness]] ('''2011'''). ''Approximate Universal Artificial Intelligence and Self-Play Learning for Games''. Ph.D. thesis, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales University of New South Wales], supervisors: [[Kee Siong Ng]], [[Marcus Hutter]], [[Alan Blair]], [[William Uther]], [[John Lloyd]]; [http://jveness.info/publications/veness_phd_thesis_final.pdf pdf]
* [http://www-cs.ccny.cuny.edu/~cssjl/ Stephen Lucci], [[Danny Kopec]] ('''2011'''). ''[https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?id=148704398520615&story_fbid=177479219065436 Artificial Intelligence in the 21st Century]''. Mercury Learning and Information
* [[Mathematician#KWarwick|Kevin Warwick]] ('''2011'''). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=yLW7bwAACAAJ Artificial Intelligence: The Basics]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis Taylor & Francis]
'''2012'''
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil Ray Kurzweil] ('''2012'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Create_a_Mind How to Create a Mind]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Press Viking Penguin]
'''2013'''
* [[Kieran Greer]] ('''2013'''). ''Is Intelligence Artificial?'' [http://arxiv.org/abs/1403.1076 arXiv:1403.1076]
'''2014'''
* [[Kieran Greer]] ('''2014'''). ''Turing: Then, Now and Still Key''. [http://arxiv.org/abs/1403.2541 arXiv:1403.2541] » [[Alan Turing]]
* [[Danny Kopec]], Shweta Shetty, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/pileggichristopher Christopher Pileggi] ('''2014'''). ''[http://www.merclearning.com/titles/Artificial-Intelligence-Problems-and-Their-Solutions.html Artificial Intelligence Problems and Their Solutions]''. Mercury Learning and Information
* [[Cameron Browne]] ('''2014'''). ''What Can Game AI Teach Us''? [[ICGA Journal#37_3|ICGA Journal, Vol. 37, No. 3]]
* [[Héctor Muñoz-Avila]], [[David J. Stracuzzi]] ('''2014'''). ''[http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/2498 Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence 2013]''. [[AAAI#AIMAG|AI Magazine]], Vol. 35, No. 1
* [[Stuart Russell]] ('''2014'''). ''Unifying Logic and Probability: A New Dawn for AI''? [https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/ipmu/ipmu2014-1.html IPMU 2014], [https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~russell/papers/ipmu14-oupm.pdf pdf]
* [[Stephen Muggleton]] ('''2014'''). ''Alan Turing and the development of Artificial Intelligence''. [https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/aicom/aicom27.html AI Communications, Vol. 27], No. 1, [http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~shm/Papers/TuringAI_1.pdf pdf]
==2015 ...==
* [[Susan L. Epstein]] ('''2015'''). ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0004370214001568 Wanted: Collaborative Intelligence]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 221
* [[Jaap van den Herik]] ('''2015'''). ''Computers and Intuition''. [[ICGA Journal#38_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 38, No. 4]]
* [[Azlan Iqbal]], [[Matej Guid]], [[Simon Colton]], [[Jana Krivec]], [[Shazril Azman]], [[Boshra Haghighi]] ('''2015'''). ''The Digital Synaptic Neural Substrate: A New Approach to Computational Creativity''. [https://arxiv.org/abs/1507.07058 arXiv:1507.07058] » [[Artificial Intelligence#MachineCreativity|Machine Creativity]]
'''2016'''
* [[Jaap van den Herik]] ('''2016'''). ''[https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/news/2016/01/jaap-van-den-herik-intuition-is-programmable Intuition is Programmable]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valedictorian Valedictory Address] from [[Tilburg University]]
'''2017'''
* [[Garry Kasparov]] ('''2017'''). ''Don’t Fear Intelligent Machines: Work with Them''. [[ICGA Journal#39_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 39, No. 2]] <ref>[https://www.ted.com/talks/garry_kasparov_don_t_fear_intelligent_machines_work_with_them/transcript Transcript] of [https://www.ted.com/speakers/garry_kasparov Kasparov’s TED talk], May 2017</ref>
'''2018'''
* [[Kai-Fu Lee]] ('''2018'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_Superpowers AI Superpowers]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]
==AI Game Programming Wisdom==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Rabin Steve Rabin] (editor) ('''2002'''). ''[http://www.aiwisdom.com/resource_aiwisdom.html AI Game Programming Wisdom]''. Charles River Media
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Rabin Steve Rabin] (editor) ('''2003'''). ''[http://www.aiwisdom.com/resource_aiwisdom2.html AI Game Programming Wisdom 2]''. Charles River Media
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Rabin Steve Rabin] (editor) ('''2006'''). ''[http://www.aiwisdom.com/resource_aiwisdom3.html AI Game Programming Wisdom 3]''. Charles River Media
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Rabin Steve Rabin] (editor) ('''2008'''). ''[http://www.aiwisdom.com/resource_aiwisdom4.html AI Game Programming Wisdom 4]''. Charles River Media
=Forum Posts=
==1994 ...==
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/R-AxfAZ95gY/kmBYccNriNkJ chess and AI] by David Deininger, [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], April 11, 1994
* [http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess.computer/browse_frm/thread/92e542466e76432b Artificial Intelligence] by [[Fernando Villegas|Fernando Villegas Darroui]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], May 13, 1997
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=14685 Artificial Intelligence] by [[Daniel Homan]], [[CCC]], January 126, 1998
==2000 ...==
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=357095 Artificial Intelligence in Computer Chess] by [[Artem Petakov|Artem Pyatakov]], [[CCC]], March 28, 2004
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=357112 Re: Artificial Intelligence in Computer Chess - *DETAILS* as promised] by [[Artem Petakov|Artem Pyatakov]], [[CCC]], March 28, 2004 » [[History Heuristic]]
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=419893 Fruit fly races] by [[Steven Edwards]], [[CCC]], April 06, 2005
==2010 ...==
* [http://www.open-chess.org/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=2539 what constitutes AI?] by stackOVERFLOW, [[Computer Chess Forums|OpenChess Forum]], December 14, 2013
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64158 Scientific American article on Computer Chess] by [[Mark Lefler]], [[CCC]], June 03, 2017 <ref>[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/20-years-after-deep-blue-how-ai-has-advanced-since-conquering-chess/ 20 Years after Deep Blue: How AI Has Advanced Since Conquering Chess] by [https://www.crunchbase.com/person/larry-greenemeier Larry Greenemeier], [[Scientific American]], June 2, 2017</ref> » [[Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1997]]
=External Links=
==Pedia==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence Artificial intelligence from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/artificial_intelligence.html Artificial intelligence], [http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/ETEmain.html The Encyclopedia of Science] by [[David Darling]]
* <span id="distributed"></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_artificial_intelligence Distributed artificial intelligence from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_AI Strong AI from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_AI Weak AI from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence History of artificial intelligence from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_winter AI winter from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_winter#The_abandonment_of_connectionism_in_1969 The abandonment of connectionism in 1969] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectionism Connectionism from Wikipedia]</ref> <ref>[[Marvin Minsky]], [[Mathematician#SPapert|Seymour Papert]] ('''1969'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptrons_%28book%29 Perceptrons]''.</ref>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence Ethics of artificial intelligence from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence Philosophy of artificial intelligence from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_symbol_system Physical symbol system from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence Timeline of artificial intelligence from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_intelligence Computational intelligence from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_intelligence Collaborative intelligence from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_intelligence Collective intelligence from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintelligence Superintelligence from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity Technological singularity from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularity_Institute_for_Artificial_Intelligence Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Encyclopedia_of_computational_intelligence Encyclopedia of computational intelligence - Scholarpedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_life Artificial life from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_organism Digital organism from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality Virtual reality from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_world Virtual world from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Life Second Life from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_computation Evolutionary computation from Wikipedia]
==AI in Media==
* [http://www.bbc.com/future/tags/artificialintelligence BBC - Future - Artificial intelligence]
: [http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20151201-the-cyborg-chess-players-that-cant-be-beaten BBC - Future - The cyborg chess players that can’t be beaten] by [http://www.chrisbaraniuk.com/ Chris Baraniuk], December 04, 2015 » [[David Levy]], [[Boris Alterman]], [[Shay Bushinsky]], [[Mark Lefler]]
==Famous AI Programs==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_Theorist Logic Theorist] by [[Allen Newell]], [[Herbert Simon]] and [[Cliff Shaw]]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Problem_Solver General Problem Solver] by [[Herbert Simon]], [[Cliff Shaw]] and [[Allen Newell]]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA Eliza] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum Joseph Weizenbaum]
<span id="MachineCreativity"></span>
==Machine Creativity==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_creativity Computational creativity from Wikipedia]
* [http://en.chessbase.com/post/machine-creativity-what-it-is-and-what-it-isn-t Machine creativity: what it is and what it isn't] by [[Albert Silver]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], August 28, 2016 » [[AlphaGo]]
* [http://en.chessbase.com/post/creativity-why-it-cannot-be-a-machine-property Creativity: Why it cannot be a machine property] by [[Ofer Shamai]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], October 01, 2016
==Associations==
* [http://www.aaai.org/home.html Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence] (AAAI) (formerly the American Association for Artificial Intelligence)
: [http://www.aaai.org/aitopics/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/AITopics/HomePage AITopics / HomePage]
: [http://www.aaai.org/aitopics/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/AITopics/AINews AITopics / AINews]
* [http://www.ijcai.org/ International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence] (IJCAI), [[Conferences#IJCAI|IJCAI Conferences]]
* [http://www.aisb.org.uk/ Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour] (SSAISB)
<span id="Journals"></span>
==Journals==
* [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/505601/description#description Artificial Intelligence - Elsevier]
: [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00043702 ScienceDirect - Artificial Intelligence - Online Access]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence (journal) from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.aaai.org/Library/Magazine/magazine-library.php AAAI Digital Library — AI Magazine]
* [http://www.aaai.org/Publications/Journals/sponsored-journals.php AAAI Sponsored Journals]
* [http://www.aaai.org/Press/press.php AAAI Press]
* [http://www.jair.org/ Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research (JAIR)]
* [http://www.computer.org/portal/web/tpami/ IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (PAMI)]
* [http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/%7Eshm/MI/mi.html Machine Intelligence series], [[Donald Michie]], [[Stephen Muggleton]]
==Online Courses==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_OpenCourseWare MIT OpenCourseWare] tries to put as much [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] course material online as possible. Here are two courses on Artificial Intelligence:
: [http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-034-artificial-intelligence-spring-2005/ 6,034 Artificial Intelligence, Spring 2005]
: [http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-034-artificial-intelligence-fall-2010/ 6.034 Artificial Intelligence, Fall 2010], [[Patrick Winston#AI_Lectures|Video Lectures]] by [[Patrick Winston]]
* <span id="UdacityAICourse"></span>[https://www.udacity.com/course/cs271 Intro to Artificial Intelligence Course Overview] by [[Sebastian Thrun]] ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udacity Udacity]) and [[Peter Norvig]]
* Joint [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Television_Society RTS]/[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution_of_Engineering_and_Technology_%28professional_society%29 IET] [http://www.theiet.org/events/2015/224630.cfm Public Lecture] with [[Google]] [[DeepMind|DeepMind's]] [[Demis Hassabis]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum British Museum], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London London], November 04, 2015, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0X-NdPtFKq0|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
==Misc==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_%28artificial_intelligence_software%29 Watson (artificial intelligence software) from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.drdobbs.com/high-performance-computing/184405171 Computer Chess: The Drosophila of AI] by [[L. Stephen Coles]], October 30, 2002, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Dobb%27s_Journal Dr. Dobbs], republished 1994 article
* [http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/ Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach] by [[Stuart Russell]] and [[Peter Norvig]]
: [http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/ai.html AI on the Web]
* [http://intelligence.worldofcomputing.net/ Articles On Artificial Intelligence]
* [http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave/AI2/AI_notes.html Artificial Intelligence II] by [http://blogs.gartner.com/nikos_drakos/ Nikos Drakos], Computer Based Learning Unit, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leeds University of Leeds]
* [http://www.idsia.ch/%7Ejuergen/ai.html Artificial Intelligence] by [[Jürgen Schmidhuber]]
* [http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/ai-repository/ai/0.html Artificial Intelligence Repository] from [[Carnegie Mellon University]]
* [http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/about/AIhistory.html Artificial Intelligence at Edinburgh University: a Perspective] by [http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/student-services/teaching-organisation/for-taught-students/information-about-our-sponsors/jim-howe Jim Howe], [[University of Edinburgh]]
* [http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/events/ccs2002/ Artificial Intelligence - Recollections of the Pioneers]
* [http://bootstrappingartificialintelligence.fr/WordPress3/ My view on Artificial Intelligence | Just another WordPress site] by [[Jacques Pitrat]]
* [http://www.macalester.edu/psychology/whathap/ubnrp/intelligence05/MMhistory.html The “Modern” History of Artificial Intelligence and Programs] from [http://www.macalester.edu/academics/psychology/whathap/ubnrp/intelligence05/index.html Neuroscience Of Intelligence]
* [http://members.aon.at/fgwinkler/cognition.html Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence] by [[Franz-Günter Winkler]]
* [http://www.scienceclarified.com/scitech/Artificial-Intelligence/index.html Science Clarified » Artificial Intelligence]
* [http://ai-contest.com/rankings.php Google AI Challenge] Organized by the [[University of Waterloo]] [http://csclub.uwaterloo.ca/ Computer Science Club] and sponsored by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google Google]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.I._Artificial_Intelligence A.I. Artificial Intelligence (film) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachings_from_the_Electronic_Brain Teachings from the Electronic Brain] from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Wikipedia]
* [http://wdstalks.blogspot.de/2013/03/the-future-of-computers-ai-artificial.html The Future of Computers, AI (artificial intelligence), etc -- aka, You're gonna die, sucker] by [[Warren D. Smith]], March 07, 2013
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fludd Fludd's] description of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception perception], 1619 <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence Intelligence from Wikipedia]</ref>
=References=
<references />
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