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'''Artificial Intelligence''', (AI)<br/>
the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence intelligence] of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. While 'machine intelligence' was already mentioned by [[Alan Turing]] in the 1940s during his research at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchley_Park Bletchley Park] <ref>[http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/ai.html Alan Turing Scrapbook - the Origins of Artificial Intelligence] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hodges [Mathematician#APHodges|Andrew Hodges]]</ref> <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Copeland B. Jack Copeland], [http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/ucresearchprofile/researcher.aspx?researcherid=84367 Diane Proudfoot] ('''2011-2012'''). ''[http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article040101.html Turing, Father of the Modern Computer]''. [http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/index.html The Rutherford Journal - The New Zealand Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology], Vol. 4 » with photos of [[Alan Turing]], [[John von Neumann]], [[Dietrich Prinz]], [[Christopher Strachey]], [[Jack Good]], [[Arthur Samuel]], [[Herbert Simon]], [[Allen Newell]], ...</ref> , the term 'artificial intelligence' was coined by [[John McCarthy]] in the proposal for the 1956 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_Conferences Dartmouth Conference] <ref>[[John McCarthy]], [[Marvin Minsky]], [[Nathaniel Rochester]], [[Claude Shannon]] ('''1955'''). ''[http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence]''.</ref> . In its beginning, Computer Chess was called the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila Drosophila] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence Artificial Intelligence]. In the 70s, when [[Brute-Force|brute-force]] programs started to dominate, and competitive and commercial aspects have taken precedence over using chess as a scientific domain, the AI community more and more lost interest in chess <ref>[[Hermann Kaindl]] ('''1985'''). ''[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=645759.666297 What Happened with AI's Drosophila]''? [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/%7Eley/db/conf/ogai/ogai1985.html ÖGAI 1985]: 194-203</ref> . In disagreement with the AI establishment in the 80s, [[Peter W. Frey]] concluded, that the AI community should follow computer chess methods rather than the other way around <ref>[[Peter W. Frey]] ('''1991'''). ''Memory-Based Expertise: Computer Chess vs. AI'', [[ICGA Journal#14_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 4]]</ref> .
=Drosophila of AI=
* [[Donald Michie]] ('''1974'''). ''On Machine Intelligence''. Edinburgh: University Press, [http://www.abebooks.com/servlet/SearchResults?isbn=085224262X abebooks.com], [http://www.alibris.com/search/books/qwork/4836304/used/On%20machine%20intelligence alibris.com], [http://www.biblio.com/isbn/9780852242629.html biblio.com]
==1975 ...==
* [https://en[Mathematician#Holland|John H.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Holland John Henry Holland] ] ('''1975'''). ''Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence''. [http://www.amazon.com/Adaptation-Natural-Artificial-Systems-Introductory/dp/0262581116 amazon.com]
* [[A. Harry Klopf]] ('''1975'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1045237 A Comparison of Natural and Artificial Intelligence]''. [[ACM#SIG|ACM SIGART Bulletin]], No. 52
* [[Allen Newell]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1976'''). ''[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=doc-431614f691642 Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search]''. [[ACM#Communications|Communications of the ACM]], Vol. 19, No. 3, ACM Turing Award Lecture, [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-3.Computer_science_as_empirical_inquiry/2-3.Computer_science_as_empirical_inquiry.newell_simon.1975.ACM.062303007.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_symbol_system Physical symbol system from Wikipedia]</ref>
* [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''1979'''). ''Implementing Search Heuristics using the AL1 Advice-Taking System''. Proc. Sixth Int. Joint Conf. on Art. Intell., pp. 95-97.
* [[Alan H. Bond]] ('''1979'''). ''An Approach to Artificial Intelligence''. [http://www.exso.com/position/approc.pdf pdf]
* <span id="MachinesWhoThink1"></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_McCorduck Pamela McCorduck] ('''1979'''). ''Machines Who Think''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._H._Freeman_and_Company W. H. Freeman] » [[#MachinesWhoThink|25th anniversary edition]]
==1980 ...==
* [[Allen Newell]] ('''1980'''). ''Physical Symbol Systems''. [http://cognitivesciencesociety.org/journal_csj.html Cognitive Science], Vol. 4, No. 2
* [[Ryszard Michalski]], [[Jaime Carbonell]], [[Tom Mitchell]] ('''1986'''). ''Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach, Volume II''. Morgan Kaufmann, [http://books.google.com/books?id=f9RylgKpHZsC&dq=isbn%3A0935382054&hl=de&source=gbs_book_other_versions google books]
* [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1986'''). ''[http://www.computer.org/csdl/trans/ts/1986/07/06312974-abs.html Whether Software Engineering Needs to Be Artificially Intelligent]''. [[IEEE#SE|IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering]], Vol. 12, No. 7
* [[Michael Genesereth]], [[Mathematician#NilsNilsson|Nils J. Nilsson]] ('''1987'''). ''[https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780934613316/logical-foundations-of-artificial-intelligence Logical Foundations of Artificial Intelligence]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Kaufmann_Publishers Morgan Kaufmann]
* [[Mathematician#TWinograd|Terry Winograd]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Flores Fernando Flores] ('''1987'''). ''[https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=576359 Understanding computers and cognition - a new foundation for design]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison-Wesley Addison-Wesley]
* [[Mathematician#JELaird|John E. Laird]], [[Allen Newell]], [[Paul S. Rosenbloom]] ('''1987'''). ''SOAR: An Architecture for General Intelligence''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_(journal) Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 33, No. 1
* [[John McCarthy]] ('''1990'''). ''Chess as the Drosophila of AI.'' [[Computers, Chess, and Cognition]], pp. 227-237 <ref>[[John McCarthy]] ('''1997'''). ''Chess as the Drosophila of AI''. Computer Science Department, [[Stanford University]], condensed version of the 1990 paper, [http://innovation.it.uts.edu.au/projectjmc/articles/drosophila/drosophila.pdf pdf]</ref>
* [[Mikhail Donskoy]], [[Jonathan Schaeffer]] ('''1990'''). ''Perspectives on Falling from Grace.'' [[Computers, Chess, and Cognition]]
* [[Yves Kodratoff]], [[Ryszard Michalski]] ('''1990, 2014'''). ''[https://www.elsevier.com/books/machine-learning/kodratoff/978-0-08-051055-2 Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach, Volume III]''. Morgan Kaufmann, [httphttps://booksen.googlewikipedia.comorg/wiki/books?id=UDqCeuwVkkcC&dq=isbn%3A0935382054&hl=de&source=gbs_book_other_versions google booksMorgan_Kaufmann_Publishers Morgan Kaufmann]
* [[Richard Fikes]] ('''1990'''). ''AI and Software Engineering - Managing Exploratory Programming''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/aaai/aaai90.html#Fikes90 AAAI 1990]
* [[Mathematician#NFindler|Nicholas V. Findler]] ('''1990'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-75736-5 Contributions to a Computer-Based Theory of Strategies]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer]
* [[Dinesh Gadwal]], [http://www.cs.usask.ca/faculty/greer/ Jim Greer], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_McCalla Gordon McCalla] ('''1991'''). ''UMRAO: A Chess Endgame Tutor.'' ARIES Laboratory, Department of Computational Science, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan University of Saskatchewan], [http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/ijcai/ijcai91.html IJCAI-91], [http://ijcai.org/Past%20Proceedings/IJCAI-91-VOL2/PDF/069.pdf pdf]
* [[Robert W. Howard]] ('''1991'''). ''All about Intelligence: Human, Animal, and Artificial''. New South Wales University Press Ltd, [http://www.amazon.com/All-About-Intelligence-Animal-Artificial/dp/0868402524 amazon.com]
* [[Rajjan Shinghal]] ('''1991'''). ''Formal Concepts in Artificial Intelligence: Fundamentals''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman_%26_Hall Chapman & Hall], [https://www.amazon.com/Formal-Concepts-Artificial-Intelligence-Fundamentals/dp/0412407906 amazon.com]
'''1992'''
* [[Patrick Winston]] ('''1992''') ''[http://people.csail.mit.edu/phw/Books/AIBACK.HTML Artificial Intelligence].'' (third Edition)
* [[Mathematician#KWarwick|Kevin Warwick]] ('''2004'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_the_Machines March of the Machines: The Breakthrough in Artificial Intelligence]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press University of Illinois Press]
* [[Mathematician#KWarwick|Kevin Warwick]] ('''2004'''). ''[http://kevinwarwick.coventry.ac.uk/I-Cyborg/ I, Cyborg]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press University of Illinois Press]
* <span id="MachinesWhoThink"></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_McCorduck Pamela McCorduck] ('''2004'''). ''[http://www.pamelamc.com/html/machines_who_think.html Machines Who Think: A Personal Inquiry into the History and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_K_Peters A. K. Peters] (25th anniversary edition) » [[#MachinesWhoThink1|1st edition]]
: Interviews with [https://dblp.uni-trier.de/pers/hd/a/Armer:Paul Paul Armer], [[Alex Bernstein]], [[Woodrow W. Bledsoe|W. W. Bledsoe]], [http://www.ai.sri.com/people/abrain/ Ted Brain], <span style="background-color: #ffffac;">[[Mathematician#BGBuchanan|Bruce Buchanan]]</span>, [https://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=137710 Max Clowes], [[L. Stephen Coles]], <span style="background-color: #ffffac;">[[Mathematician#HDreyfus|Hubert Dreyfus]]</span>, [[Edward Feigenbaum]], <span style="background-color: #ffffac;">[[Mathematician#JulianFeldman|Julian Feldman]]</span>, [[Edward Fredkin]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Gelernter Herbert Gelernter], [[Jack Good|I. J. Good]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Harmon Leon Harmon], [[John McCarthy]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_MacCrimmon_MacKay Donald MacKay], [[Donald Michie]], [[Marvin Minsky]], <span style="background-color: #ffffac;">[[Mathematician#JMoses|Joel Moses]]</span>, [[Allen Newell]], <span style="background-color: #ffffac;">[[Mathematician#NilsNilsson|Nils Nilsson]]</span>, <span style="background-color: #ffffac;">[[Mathematician#SPapert|Seymour Papert]]</span>, <span style="background-color: #ffffac;">[[Mathematician#BRaphael|Bertram Raphael]]</span>, <span style="background-color: #ffffac;">[[Mathematician#RajReddy|Raj Reddy]]</span>, [[Nathaniel Rochester]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rosen_(scientist) Charles Rosen], [[Arthur Samuel]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Selfridge Oliver Selfridge], [[Claude Shannon]], [[Cliff Shaw|J. C. Shaw]], [[Herbert Simon|Herbert A. Simon]], [[James R. Slagle|James Slagle]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Solomonoff Ray Solomonoff], [https://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=135611 Fred Tonge], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum Joseph Weizenbaum], and <span style="background-color: #ffffac;">[[Mathematician#LAZadeh|Lotfi Zadeh]]</span>.
==2005 ...==
* [[Dap Hartmann]] ('''2005'''). ''The True Holy Grail of Artificial Intelligence''. [[ICGA Journal#28_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1]]
* [[Max Bramer]] (ed.) ('''2006'''). ''[https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-0-387-34747-9 Artificial Intelligence in Theory and Practice]''. [[Conferences#IFIP19|IFIP 19th World Computer Congress]]. Proceedings. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer]
'''2007'''
* [[Edward Feigenbaum]] ('''2007'''). ''[https://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/1905 Happy Silver Anniversary, AI!]'' [https://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/index [AAAI#AIMAG|AI Magazine]], Vol. 27, No. 4
* [[Marvin Minsky]] ('''2007'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emotion_Machine The Emotion Machine: Commonsense Thinking, Artificial Intelligence, and the Future of the Human Mind]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster Simon & Schuster] <ref>[http://www.terasemjournals.org/PCJournal/PC0303/mm1.html Terasem Journal of Personal Cyberconsciousness - Marvin Lee Minsky discussing his book, The Emotion Machine] </ref>
* [[David Levy]] ('''2007'''). ''Love and Sex With Robots: The Evolution of Human-Robot Relationships''. Harper Collins, [http://www.amazon.com/Love-Sex-Robots-Human-Robot-Relationships/dp/0061359750 amazon.com]
* [[Susan L. Epstein]] ('''2015'''). ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0004370214001568 Wanted: Collaborative Intelligence]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 221
* [[Jaap van den Herik]] ('''2015'''). ''Computers and Intuition''. [[ICGA Journal#38_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 38, No. 4]]
* [[Azlan Iqbal]], [[Matej Guid]], [[Simon Colton]], [[Jana Krivec]], [[Shazril Azman]], [[Boshra Haghighi]] ('''2015'''). ''The Digital Synaptic Neural Substrate: A New Approach to Computational Creativity''. [https://arxiv.org/abs/1507.07058 arXiv:1507.07058] » [[Artificial Intelligence#MachineCreativity|Machine Creativity]]
'''2016'''
* [[Jaap van den Herik]] ('''2016'''). ''[https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/news/2016/01/jaap-van-den-herik-intuition-is-programmable Intuition is Programmable]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valedictorian Valedictory Address] from [[Tilburg University]]
'''2017'''
* [[Garry Kasparov]] ('''2017'''). ''Don’t Fear Intelligent Machines: Work with Them''. [[ICGA Journal#39_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 39, No. 2]] <ref>[https://www.ted.com/talks/garry_kasparov_don_t_fear_intelligent_machines_work_with_them/transcript Transcript] of [https://www.ted.com/speakers/garry_kasparov Kasparov’s TED talk], May 2017</ref>
'''2018'''
* [[Kai-Fu Lee]] ('''2018'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_Superpowers AI Superpowers]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]
==AI Game Programming Wisdom==
[[Category:Bernd Besser]]
[[Category:Videos]]
[[Category:Cozzie Quotes]]
[[Category:McCarthy Quotes]]
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