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the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence intelligence] of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. While 'machine intelligence' was already mentioned by [[Alan Turing]] in the 1940s during his research at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchley_Park Bletchley Park] <ref>[http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/ai.html Alan Turing Scrapbook - the Origins of Artificial Intelligence] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hodges [Mathematician#APHodges|Andrew Hodges]]</ref> <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Copeland B. Jack Copeland], [http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/ucresearchprofile/researcher.aspx?researcherid=84367 Diane Proudfoot] ('''2011-2012'''). ''[http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article040101.html Turing, Father of the Modern Computer]''. [http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/index.html The Rutherford Journal - The New Zealand Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology], Vol. 4 » with photos of [[Alan Turing]], [[John von Neumann]], [[Dietrich Prinz]], [[Christopher Strachey]], [[Jack Good]], [[Arthur Samuel]], [[Herbert Simon]], [[Allen Newell]], ...</ref> , the term 'artificial intelligence' was coined by [[John McCarthy]] in the proposal for the 1956 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_Conferences Dartmouth Conference] <ref>[[John McCarthy]], [[Marvin Minsky]], [[Nathaniel Rochester]], [[Claude Shannon]] ('''1955'''). ''[http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence]''.</ref> . In its beginning, Computer Chess was called the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila Drosophila] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence Artificial Intelligence]. In the 70s, when [[Brute-Force|brute-force]] programs started to dominate, and competitive and commercial aspects have taken precedence over using chess as a scientific domain, the AI community more and more lost interest in chess <ref>[[Hermann Kaindl]] ('''1985'''). ''[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=645759.666297 What Happened with AI's Drosophila]''? [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/%7Eley/db/conf/ogai/ogai1985.html ÖGAI 1985]: 194-203</ref> . In disagreement with the AI establishment in the 80s, [[Peter W. Frey]] concluded, that the AI community should follow computer chess methods rather than the other way around <ref>[[Peter W. Frey]] ('''1991'''). ''Memory-Based Expertise: Computer Chess vs. AI'', [[ICGA Journal#14_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 4]]</ref> .