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was a Russian mathematician and computer scientist. Kronrod and his fellow [[Georgy Adelson-Velsky]] were the last students of [[Mathematician#Luzin|Nikolai Luzin]] at [[Moscow State University]]. In the 50s and 60s Kronrod was professor and head of the Computational Laboratory at Moscows [[Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics]] (ITEF or '''ITEP'''). He was involved in developing the [[ITEP Chess Program]] in motivating his friends Georgy Adelson-Velsky and [[Alexander Brudno]], as well in his proposal of a "general [[Recursion|recursive]] search scheme". Kronrod is well known for saying, "chess is the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila Drosophila] of [[Artificial Intelligence|artificial intelligence]]" <ref>[https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alexander_Kronrod Alexander Kronrod from Wikiquote]</ref>.
In 1965, while [[John McCarthy]] visited the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union Soviet Union], he was challenged by Kronrod, who considered the [[Kotok-McCarthy-Program]] to be the best program in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States United States] at the time. At the end of 1966 the [[Stanford-ITEP Match|four game match]] was arranged between Kotok-McCarthy, running on a [[IBM 7090]] computer, and the ITEP Program on a Soviet [[M-220]] <ref>[http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/m2.htm The Fast Universal Digital Computer M-2] from the [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]</ref>. The match played over nine months was won 3-1 by the ITEP Program.
=Quotes=
==Competitions, Controversies, and Computer Chess==
Quote from ''Competitions, Controversies, and Computer Chess'' <ref>[http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~brudno/ Michael Brudno] ('''2000'''). ''Competitions, Controversies, and Computer Chess'', [http://www.cs.toronto.edu/%7Ebrudno/essays/cchess.pdf pdf]</ref>:
[[Stanford-ITEP Match|This match]] has a very sad postscript: Alexander Kronrod, the head of the Computational lab at ITEP, was a highly principled person who, among with many other mathematicians, signed a letter in defense of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Esenin-Volpin Esenin-Volpin], a mathematician who was placed in an insane asylum for anti-Communist views. For his signature of the letter Kronrod was reprimanded by the Communist Party. The physicists at ITEP, who were irritated because computer time was “wasted” on game playing instead of their problems used the reprimand as an excuse to oust Kronrod from his position. At the same time Kronrod was fired from his professorship at the Moscow Pedagogical Institute. These actions effectively ended the career of this brilliant mathematician.
==What is AI?==
=Selected Publications=
<ref>[http://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?personid=24862&option_lang=eng Kronrod Aleksandr Semenovich]</ref>
* [[Georgy Adelson-Velsky]], Alexander Kronrod ('''1945'''). ''On a direct proof of the analyticity of a monigenic function''. (Russian) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_USSR_Academy_of_Sciences Doklady Akademii Nauk], Vol. 50
* [[Georgy Adelson-Velsky]], Alexander Kronrod ('''1945'''). ''On the level of continuous fuctions possessing partial derivatives''. (Russian) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_USSR_Academy_of_Sciences Doklady Akademii Nauk], Vol. 50
* [[Georgy Adelson-Velsky]], Alexander Kronrod ('''1945'''). ''On the maximum principle for an elliptic system''. (Russian) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_USSR_Academy_of_Sciences Doklady Akademii Nauk], Vol. 50
* Alexander Kronrod ('''1946'''). ''[http://www.mathnet.ru/php/archive.phtml?wshow=paper&jrnid=sm&paperid=6276&option_lang=eng On permutations if terms of numerical series]''. (Russian) [http://www.mathnet.ru/php/archive.phtml?jrnid=sm&wshow=contents&option_lang=eng&viewarchiveID=8&vl=60#V60 Rec. Math. (Mat. Sbornik) N.S., Vol. 18(60)], No. 2
* Alexander Kronrod, [[Mathematician#Landis|Evgenii Landis]] ('''1947'''). ''On level sets of a function of several variables''. (Russian) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_USSR_Academy_of_Sciences Doklady Akademii Nauk], Vol. 58
* [[Georgy Adelson-Velsky]], [[Alexander Brudno]], Alexander Kronrod, Pavel T. Reznikovsky ('''1964'''). ''[http://www.mathnet.ru/php/archive.phtml?wshow=paper&jrnid=dan&paperid=29078&option_lang=eng A system of commands for a three-address machine without address register]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_USSR_Academy_of_Sciences Doklady Akademii Nauk], Vol. 154, No. 3
* Alexander Kronrod ('''1965'''). ''Nodes and weights of quadrature formulas. Sixteen-place tables''. New York: Consultants Bureau <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Kronrod_quadrature_formula Gauss–Kronrod quadrature formula - Wikipedia]</ref>
* [[Vladimir Arlazarov]], Alexander Kronrod, V.A. Kronrod ('''196?1966'''). ''Conversations on Programming[http://www.mathnet.ru/php/archive.phtml?wshow=paper&jrnid=dan&paperid=32687&option_lang=eng A new type of electron computer]''.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_USSR_Academy_of_Sciences Doklady Akademii Nauk], Vol. 171, No. 2
=External Links=
'''[[People|Up one level]]'''
[[Category:Mathematician|Kronrod]]
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[[Category:Quotes|Kronrod]]
[[Category:McCarthy Quotes|Kronrod]]
