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Alan Turing

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==Could one make a machine?==
In his 1953 paper 'Chess' in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._V._Bowden,_Baron_Bowden Bowden's] ''Faster Than Thought'' <ref>[[Alan Turing]] ('''1953'''). '''''Chess'''''. part of the collection ''Digital Computers Applied to Games''. in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._V._Bowden,_Baron_Bowden Bertram Vivian Bowden] (editor), ''[http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/cgi-bin/sitewise.pl?act=det&p=10719 Faster Than Thought]'', a symposium on digital computing machines, reprinted 1988 in [[Computer Chess Compendium]], reprinted 2004 in Chapter 16 of [[Alan Turing]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Copeland B. Jack Copeland] (editor) ('''2004'''). ''The Essential Turing, Seminal Writings in Computing, Logic, Philosophy, Artificial Intelligence, and Artificial Life plus The Secrets of Enigma''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press Oxford University Press], [http://www.amazon.com/Essential-Turing-Philosophy-Artificial-Intelligence/dp/0198250800/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1324659595&sr=1-1 amazon], [http://books.google.com/books?id=RSkxnKlv1D4C&lpg=PP882&ots=VOWmiIm_lD&dq=Turochamp%2C%20chess&pg=PP881#v=onepage&q&f=true google books]</ref> , Turing asks some questions, answered and discussed them, mentioning [[Evaluation|evaluation features]], the concepts of [[Minimax|minimax strategy]], [[Selectivity|variable look-ahead]], [[Quiescence Search|quiescence]] and [[Learning|learning]]. He does not explicitly mention the name [[Turochamp]], but the 'Machine', and its [[Turochamp#TurochampGame|game versus a human]] <ref>[http://www.chessbase.de/spotlight/spotlight2.asp?id=15 Anmerkungen zur Programmierung der Turing-Engine] by [[Mathias Feist]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase Spotlights]] (German, with original article 'Chess' by Alan Turing)</ref> <ref>[https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=107112 Re: How did Alan Turing's program work?] by [[Frederic Friedel]], [[CCC]], April 22, 2000</ref> .
When one is asked 'Could one make a machine to play chess?', there are several possible meanings which might be given to the words. Here are a few:
==Andrew Hodges==
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hodges [Mathematician#APHodges|Andrew Hodges]] in the ''Alan Turing Scrapbook - the Origins of Artificial Intelligence'' <ref>[http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/ai.html Alan Turing Scrapbook - the Origins of Artificial Intelligence] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hodges [Mathematician#APHodges|Andrew Hodges]]</ref> :
Alan Turing talked at Bletchley Park with his younger colleague [[Jack Good]] about what we would now call chess-playing programs. They got the idea of searching decision trees for the best move.
* [[Alan Turing]] ('''1951'''). ''[http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/archive/m/m01/M01-001.html Programmers' Handbook for the Manchester Electronic Computer Mark II]''. 1st edition
* [[Alan Turing]] ('''1952'''). ''[http://www.computer50.org/kgill/mark1/progman.html Programmers' Handbook for the Manchester Electronic Computer Mark II]''. 2nd edition, revised by [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/%7Eley/db/indices/a-tree/b/Brooker:R=_A=.html R.A. Brooker] <ref>[http://www.computer50.org/kgill/mark1/mark1book.html Mark 1 Documents] from [http://www.computer50.org/ Computer 50 - The University of Manchester Celebrates the Birth of the Modern Computer]</ref>
* [[Alan Turing]] ('''1953'''). '''''Chess'''''. part of the collection ''Digital Computers Applied to Games''. in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._V._Bowden,_Baron_Bowden Bertram Vivian Bowden] (editor), ''[http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/cgi-bin/sitewise.pl?act=det&p=10719 Faster Than Thought]'', a symposium on digital computing machines, reprinted 1988 in [[Computer Chess Compendium]], reprinted 2004 in Chapter 16 of ''The Essential Turing'' ... <ref>[http://www.chessbase.de/spotlight/spotlight2.asp?id=15 Anmerkungen zur Programmierung der Turing-Engine] by [[Mathias Feist]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase Spotlights]] (German, with original article 'Chess' by Alan Turing)</ref>
==1990 ...==
* [[Edward Feigenbaum]] ('''1996'''). ''How the “What“ Becomes the “How“''. [[ACM#Communications|Communications of the ACM]], Vol. 39, No. 5, [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-1.How_the_what_becomes_the_how.Feigenbaum/2-1.How_the_what_becomes_the_how.Feigenbaum-Ed.1994.ACM.062303006.pdf pdf] hosted by [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Copeland B. Jack Copeland], [http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/ucresearchprofile/researcher.aspx?researcherid=84367 Diane Proudfoot] ('''2011-2012'''). ''[http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article040101.html Turing, Father of the Modern Computer]''. [http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/index.html The Rutherford Journal - The New Zealand Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology], Vol. 4 » with photos of [[Alan Turing]], [[John von Neumann]], [[Dietrich Prinz]], [[Christopher Strachey]], [[Jack Good]], [[Arthur Samuel]], [[Herbert Simon]], [[Allen Newell]], ...
* [[Andrew Appel]] (ed.) ('''2012'''). ''[http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9780.html Alan Turing's Systems of Logic: The Princeton Thesis]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press Princeton University Press]
* [[Mathematician#CHPapadimitriou|Christos H. Papadimitriou]], [[Mathematician#LAdleman|Leonard Adleman]], [[Richard Karp]], [[Donald Knuth]], [[Mathematician#RETarjan|Robert E. Tarjan]], [[Mathematician#LValiant|Leslie Valiant]] ('''2012'''). ''[https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2322189 An Algorithmic View of the Universe]''. [[Algorithms#ACM-Turing|ACM-Turing 2012]]
* [[Guy Haworth|Guy McCrossan Haworth]] ('''2013'''). ''Turing, Kasparov and the Future''. [[ICGA Journal#36_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 1]] » [[Turochamp]]
* [[Mathematician#SBCooper|S. Barry Cooper]], [[Mathematician#JvLeeuwen|Jan van Leeuwen]] ('''2013'''). ''[https://www.elsevier.com/books/alan-turing-his-work-and-impact/cooper/978-0-12-386980-7 Alan Turing: His Work and Impact]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier Elsevier Science]
: [[David Levy]] ('''2013'''). ''Alan Turing on Computer Chess''. pp. 644-650
* [[Mathematician#APHodges|Andrew Hodges]] ('''2014'''). ''[https://www.turing.org.uk/book/ Alan Turing: The Enigma]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_Books Vintage Random House], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press Princeton University Press]
* [[Kieran Greer]] ('''2014'''). ''Turing: Then, Now and Still Key''. [http://arxiv.org/abs/1403.2541 arXiv:1403.2541]
* [[Stephen Muggleton]] ('''2014'''). ''Alan Turing and the development of Artificial Intelligence''. [https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/aicom/aicom27.html AI Communications, Vol. 27], No. 1, [http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~shm/Papers/TuringAI_1.pdf pdf]
=Forum Posts=
* [http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/gadgets/computer-und-schach-die-goldene-gans-die-niemals-schnattert-a-273665.html Computer und Schach: "Die goldene Gans, die niemals schnattert"] by [http://andreschulz.com/index.htm André Schulz], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiegel_Online Spiegel Online], November 12, 2003 (German) <ref>[https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=326962 New Chessbase Engine called "Turing"] by [[Ingo Bauer]], [[CCC]], November 12, 2003</ref>
* [http://www.chessbase.de/nachrichten.asp?newsid=3245 Alan Turing] by [http://andreschulz.com/index.htm André Schulz], June 07, 2004, [[ChessBase|ChessBase Nachrichten]] (German)
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/the-northerner/2012/may/14/alan-turing-gary-kasparov-computer#start-of-comments Alan Turing: "I am building a brain." Half a century later, its successor beat Kasparov] by [http://www1.maths.leeds.ac.uk/~pmt6sbc/ Professor [Mathematician#SBCooper|S. Barry Cooper]], [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/the-northerner The Northerner | UK news], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian guardian.co.uk]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-17662585 Alan Turing: why the tech world's hero should be a household name] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vint_Cerf Vint Cerf], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News BBC News], June 18, 2012
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18561092 Alan Turing: Inquest's suicide verdict 'not supportable'] by [http://journalisted.com/roland-pease Roland Pease], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News BBC News], June 23, 2012
==Andrew Hodges==
* [http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/index.html Alan Turing: Primary Sources], notes by [http://www.synth.co.uk/ [Mathematician#APHodges|Andrew Hodges]], author of [http://www.turing.org.uk/book/ Alan Turing: the Enigma]* [http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/ Alan Turing - Home Page] maintained by [http://www.synth.co.uk/ [Mathematician#APHodges|Andrew Hodges]], author of [http://www.turing.org.uk/book/ Alan Turing: the Enigma]* [http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/index.html The Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook] maintained by [http://www.synth.co.uk/ [Mathematician#APHodges|Andrew Hodges]], author of [http://www.turing.org.uk/book/ Alan Turing: the Enigma]
==Literature==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing_Year Alan Turing Year from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.mathcomp.leeds.ac.uk/turing2012/ The Alan Turing Year - 2012 Turing Centenary]
* [http://www.hnf.de/en/sonderaustellungen/genial-geheim-alan-turing-in-10-etappen.html Eminent & enigmatic - 10 aspects of Alan Turing], the [[Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum]], [http://www.hnf.de/fileadmin/content/pictures/HNF/Sonderausstellungen/Genial_und_Geheim/Programm_Turing_engl_2-7-12_72dpi.pdf Flyer as pdf] including abstracts of lectures : [[Jürg Nievergelt]] ''Known or wanted: chess matches between Man and machine''.: [[Raúl Rojas]] ''Turing and Zuse''.
* [http://turing2012.gi.de/ Turing Jahr 2012 - Alan Turing Year 2012], [http://www.gi.de/ Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V] (German)
* [http://www.i-programmer.info/news/82-heritage/3597-donald-knuth-in-alan-turing-year.html Donald Knuth in Alan Turing Year] from [http://www.i-programmer.info/ I Programmer - programming, reviews and projects], January 10, 2012 » [[Donald Knuth]]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_the_Code Breaking the Code (1996)] (TV)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codebreaker_%28film%29 Codebreaker (2011)] - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4 Channel 4], [http://www.turingfilm.com/ Official Site]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Imitation_Game The Imitation Game (2014)] - Official Trailer - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weinstein_Company The Weinstein Company], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S5CjKEFb-sM|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
'''[[People|Up one level]]'''
[[Category:Chess Programmer|Turing]]
[[Category:Mathematician|Turing]]
[[Category:Pioneer|Turing]]
[[Category:Film|Turing]]

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