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[[FILE:SamuelBakSignals.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://chgs.elevator.umn.edu/asset/viewAsset/57f3b6787d58ae5f74bf8ba9#57f3b6d77d58ae5574bf8bc5|[[Arts#:Category:Samuel Bak|Samuel Bak]] - Signals <ref>[http://chgs.elevator.umn.edu/asset/viewAsset/57f3b6787d58ae5f74bf8ba9#57f3b6d77d58ae5574bf8bc5 Chess in the Art of Samuel Bak], [http://www.chgs.umn.edu/ Center for Holocaust & Genocide Studies], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota [University of Minnesota]]</ref> ]]

Concerning null move failures in [[Zugzwang|zugzwang]] <ref>[https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=76352 Position from local chess club] by Bernhard Bauer, [[CCC]], November 05, 1999</ref> , there were proposals by [[Stefan Plenkner]] 1995, <ref>[[Stefan Plenkner]] ('''1995'''). ''A Null-Move Technique Impervious to Zugzwang.'' [[ICGA Journal#18_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 18, No. 2]]</ref> <ref>[http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess.computer/browse_frm/thread/0840bc8aabd0f6e5# Null-move zugzwang avoidance, Jun '95 ICCAJ] by [[Bruce Moreland]] in [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], December 6, 1996</ref> and later the ''Verified Null-Move Pruning'' approach by [[Omid Eli David]] and [[Nathan S. Netanyahu]] <ref>[[Eli David|Omid David]], [[Nathan S. Netanyahu]] ('''2002'''). ''Verified null-move pruning.'' [[ICGA Journal#25_3|ICGA Journal, Vol. 25 No. 3]]</ref> . Recently [[Robert Hyatt]] tested ''Verified Null-Move Pruning'' extensively with a lot of variations and depth reductions for the verified search, and concluded it does not help at all in [[Crafty]] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=28561 verified null move] by [[Robert Hyatt]], [[CCC]], June 21, 2009</ref> similar with [[Null Move Reductions|extended null-move reductions]] <ref>[[Eli David|Omid David]], [[Nathan S. Netanyahu]] ('''2008'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-87608-3_19 Extended Null-Move Reductions]''. [[CG 2008]], [http://www.oedavid.com/pubs/nmr.pdf pdf]</ref> <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?topic_view=threads&p=367273&t=35841 Re: Extended Null-Move Reductions] by [[Robert Hyatt]], [[CCC]], August 20, 2010</ref> . However, [[Marco Costalba]] states that verification search has almost nothing to do with zugzwang <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?topic_view=threads&p=367314&t=35841 Re: Extended Null-Move Reductions] by [[Marco Costalba]], [[CCC]], August 20, 2010</ref> .

* [[Eli David|Omid David]], [[Nathan S. Netanyahu]] ('''2002'''). ''Verified null-move pruning.'' [[ICGA Journal#25_3|ICGA Journal, Vol. 25 No. 3]] <ref>[https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=266356 Verified Null-Move Pruning, ICGA 25(3)] by [[Eli David|Omid David]], [[CCC]], November 20, 2002</ref> <ref>[https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=271270 Proving something is better] by [[Bruce Moreland]], [[CCC]], December 17, 2002</ref>* [[Don Beal]] ('''2006'''). ''[[File:alg1986review.txt|Review of a nullmove-quiescence search mechanism from 1986]]''. [[FILE:alg1986review.txt]] (Draft) <ref>courtesy of [[Don Beal]] and [[Carey Bloodworth]], [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=58603&start=13 Re: Antique chess programs] by [[Carey Bloodworth|Carey]], [[CCC]], December 16, 2015</ref>* [[Eli David|Omid David]], [[Nathan S. Netanyahu]] ('''2008'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-87608-3_19 Extended Null-Move Reductions]''. [[CG 2008]], [http://www.oedavid.com/pubs/nmr.pdf pdf]==2010 ...==* [[Kunihito Hoki]], [[Masakazu Muramatsu]] ('''2012'''). ''[https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Efficiency-of-three-forward-pruning-techniques-in-Hoki-Muramatsu/206099961f401c8693e071c2b739f164ae5ffa6c Efficiency of three Forward-Pruning Techniques in Shogi: Futility Pruning, Null-move Pruning, and Late Move Reduction (LMR)]''. [https://www.journals.elsevier.com/entertainment-computing Entertainment Computing], Vol. 3, No. 3

* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=239907 Null-Move: Difference between R = 2 and R = 3 in action] by [[Eli David|Omid David]], [[CCC]], July 11, 2002* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=266356 Verified Null-Move Pruning, ICGA 25(3)] by [[Eli David|Omid David]], [[CCC]], November 20, 2002

* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=44686 Nullmove vs classic selective search] by [[Ed Schroder|Ed Schröder]], [[CCC]], August 04, 2012 <ref>[http://www.top-5000.nl/authors/rebel/chess840.htm#SELECTIVE%20SEARCH Selective Search Techniques in REBEL (introduction)] from [http://www.top-5000.nl/authors/rebel/chess840.htm [Rebel#ProgrammerCorner|Programmer Corner]] by [[Ed Schroder|Ed Schröder]]</ref>

* [http://www.top-5000.nl/authors/rebel/chess840.htm#NULLMOVE Selective Search Techniques in REBEL (null-move)] from [http://www.top-5000.nl/authors/rebel/chess840.htm [Rebel#ProgrammerCorner|Programmer Corner]] by [[Ed Schroder|Ed Schröder]] <ref>How Rebel Plays Chess is also available as [http://members.home.nl/matador/Inside%20Rebel.pdf pdf]</ref> <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=44686 Nullmove vs classic selective search] by [[Ed Schroder|Ed Schröder]], [[CCC]], August 04, 2012</ref> » [[Rebel]]