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'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Knowledge]] * [[Cognition]] * Eye Movements'''
[[FILE:Eye_movements_of_a_chess_champion_nc.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eye_movements_of_a_chess_champion_nc.jpg| Eye movements of a chess champion <ref>[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Werner_Hunziker Hans-Werner Hunziker] ('''2006'''). ''[http://libraries.admin.ch/cgi-bin/gw/chameleon?search=KEYWORD&function=COPVOLSCR&skin=helveticat&lng=de&t1=372660068X&u1=7&rootsearch=KEYWORD Im Auge des Lesers: vom Buchstabieren zur Lesefreude]''. (In the eye of the reader: from letter recognition to the joy of reading) Transmedia Verlag, Zurich, ISBN 978-3-7266-0068-6, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_vision Peripheral vision from Wikipedia]</ref> ]]
'''Eye Movements''',<br/>
are [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_action voluntary] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex involuntary] movements of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye eyes] helping in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_perception visual perception] to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixation_%28visual%29 fixate] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_tracking track] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_system visual] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_%28psychology%29 stimuli], to acquire information applied to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorization memorization] and [[Learning|learning]] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristic heuristic search] and [[Pattern Recognition|pattern recognition]].
Of special interest in chess and cognition are eye movements of chess players at the chess board, where cognitive experiments and computer chess simulations were conducted by various researchers to understand how chess masters grasp the important features of a [[Chess Position|chess position]], giving hints to the [[Search|search]] concerning [[Moves|move]] [[Selectivity|selectivity]] and [[Move Ordering|ordering]]. In computer chess simulations, eye movement is related to attack and [[Move Generation|move generation]], either one-many of one [[Pieces|piece]] from its [[Origin Square|origin square]] to multiple [[Target Square|target squares]], or many-one, that is one particular target square attacked/defended by multiple pieces as in [[Square Attacked By]] with [[Bitboards|bitboards]] .
=Applications=
==Perceiver & MAPP==
The experimental program [[Perceiver]] by [[Michael Barenfeld]] and [[Herbert Simon]] was able to duplicate the eye movements of a master by adhering to the simple relations of [[Attack and Defend Maps|attack and defense]] <ref> [[Herbert Simon]], [[Michael Barenfeld]] ('''1969'''). ''[http://libra.msra.cn/Publication/36921984/information-processing-analysis-of-perceptual-processes-in-problem-solving Information-processing analysis of perceptual processes in problem solving]''. Psychological Review, Vol. 76, No. 5</ref>, further extended by [[Kevin J. Gilmartin]] and Simon into a system called [[MAPP]] (Memory-aided Pattern Perceiver) which uses the [[Learning|learning]] mechanism of [[EPAM]] <ref>[[Herbert Simon]], [[Kevin J. Gilmartin]] ('''1973'''). ''A Simulation of Memory for Chess Positions''. Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 5, pp. 29-46.</ref>.
==CHUMP==
[[CHUMP]], by [[Fernand Gobet]] and [[Peter Jansen]] <ref>[[Fernand Gobet]], [[Peter Jansen]] ('''1994'''). ''[http://people.brunel.ac.uk/~hsstffg/abstracts/chess_program.html Towards a Chess Program Based on a Model of Human Memory].'' [[Advances in Computer Chess 7]]</ref>, is an application of the [[CHREST|Chunk Hierarchy and REtrieval STructures]] (CHREST), a pattern learning approach where an eye movement simulator is the only part of the system where the rules of the game, that is how pieces attack and move, influence the learning process.
=Skill in Chess=
Excerpt from ''Eye movements at the Chess Board'' in ''Skill in Chess'', 1973 by [[Herbert Simon]] and [[William Chase]] <ref>[[Herbert Simon]], [[William Chase]] ('''1973'''). ''Skill in Chess''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Scientist American Scientist], Vol. 61, No. 4</ref>:
==Serial or Parallel?==
Explanations in terms of heuristic search postulate that problem solving, and cognition generally, is a serial, one-thing-at-a-time process. (We are oversimplifying matters to make the issue clear, but the oversimplification will suffice for the present.) Many psychologists have found this postulate implausible and have sought for evidence that the human organism engages in extensive parallel processing <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulric_Neisser Ulric Neisser] ('''1963'''). ''[http://www.sciencemag.org/content/139/3551/193.citation The Imitation of Man by Machine]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_%28journal%29 Science], Vol. 139</ref>.
The intuitive feeling that much information can be "acquired at a glance" argues for a parallel processor. Of course, the correctness of the intuition depends both on the amount of information that can actually be acquired and upon what is meant by a "glance." If a glance means a single eye fixation (lasting anywhere from a fifth of a second to a half-second or longer), then we know that there are high-speed serial processes (e.g. short-term memory search, visual scanning) that operate within this time range <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Sternberg Saul Sternberg] ('''1969'''). ''Memory-scanning: Mental Processes revealed by Reaction-time Experiments''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Scientist American Scientist], Vol. 57, No. 4, [http://www.psych.upenn.edu/~saul/am.scientist69.pdf pdf]</ref>. Thus, it is certainly interesting and relevant to find out how the human eye extracts information from a complex visual display like a chess position and to see whether this extraction process is compatible with the assumptions of the heuristic search theories.
==Tichomirov and Poznyanskaya==
A pair of Russian psychologists, [[Oleg K. Tichomirov|Tichomirov]] and [[E. D. Poznyanskaya|Poznyanskaya]], placed an expert before a chess position with instructions to find the best move, and they observed his eye movements during the first 5 seconds of the task <ref>[[Oleg K. Tichomirov]], [[E. D. Poznyanskaya]] ('''1966'''). ''[http://mesharpe.metapress.com/content/c72782612l25q601/ An Investigation of Visual Search as a Means of Analyzing Heuristics]''. Soviet Psychology, Winter 1966-67 (from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voprosy_Psikhologii Voprosy Psikhologii], 1966, 2, 4)</ref>. The eye movements were inconsistent with the hypothesis that the subject, during these 5 seconds, was searching through a tree of possible moves and their replies.
To describe further what Tichomirov and Poznyanskaya found, we must say a word about how the eye operates. The eye has a central region of high resolution, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fovea_centralis fovea] (about 1° in radius), surrounded by a periphery of decreasingly lower resolution. Most information about visual patterns is acquired while the fovea is fixated on them; and the eye moves abruptly, in so-called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccade saccadic] movements, from one point of fixation to the next. There are at most about four or five saccadic movements per second.
In Tichomirov and Poznyanskaya's record of the first 5 seconds of their subject's eye movements, there were about 20 fixations. Most of these centered on squares of the board occupied by pieces that any chess player would consider to be of importance to the position. There were few fixations at the edges or corners of the board or on empty squares. Moreover, a large number of the saccades moved from one piece to another, where the former piece stood in a "chess" relation — that is, an attack or defense relation—to the latter. For example, the eye would move frequently from a pawn to a Knight that attacked it, or to a Knight that defended it, or from a Queen to a pawn it attacked.
It is important to note that the saccadic movements were not random — therefore, that some information must have been acquired peripherally about the target square before the saccade began. From other evidenge, we know that a strong chess player can recognize a piece within a radius of 5° to 7° from his point of fixation; for eye-movement studies show that he can frequently replace such a piece correctly on a board when he has had no closer point of fixation to it <ref>[http://www.librarything.com/author/noordzijpc P. C. Noordzij] ('''1966'''). ''Het registreren van oogbewegingen bij schakers''. Psychology Laboratory of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Amsterdam University of Amsterdam]</ref>.
=See also=
* [[Attack and Defend Maps]]
* [[CHREST]]
* [[CHUMP]]
* [[MAPP]]
* [[Perceiver]]
* [[Square Attacked By]]
=Publicatons=
==1960 ...==
* [[Oleg K. Tichomirov]], [[E. D. Poznyanskaya]] ('''1966'''). ''[http://mesharpe.metapress.com/content/c72782612l25q601/ An Investigation of Visual Search as a Means of Analyzing Heuristics]''. Soviet Psychology, Winter 1966-67 (from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voprosy_Psikhologii Voprosy Psikhologii], 1966, 2, 4)
* [[Herbert Simon]], [[Michael Barenfeld]] ('''1968'''). ''Information Processing in the Perception of Chess Positions''. [[Carnegie Mellon University]], Paper #127
* [[Herbert Simon]], [[Michael Barenfeld]] ('''1969'''). ''[http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1970-01781-001 Information-processing analysis of perceptual processes in problem solving]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Review Psychological Review], Vol. 76, No. 5, [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/768a/0b6d7fbc759797012fefb2f4988c6581e2c3.pdf pdf], reprinted in [[Herbert Simon|Herbert A. Simon]] ('''1979'''). ''[https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300024326/models-thought Models of Thought]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press Yale University Press]
==1970 ...==
* [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1973'''). ''Lessons from Perception for Chess-Playing Programs (and Vice Versa)''. Computer Science Research Review 1972-73, [http://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=33779 pdf]
* [[Herbert Simon]], [[William Chase]] ('''1973'''). ''Skill in Chess''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Scientist American Scientist], Vol. 61, No. 4, reprinted ('''1988''') in [[Computer Chess Compendium]], [https://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=44582 pdf]* [[Ruslan Hajiev]] ('''1975'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1624769 Experimental Studies of Human Decision-Making and its Simulation by Situation Control Technique.]''. (on the basis of a chess endgame). [http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/ijcai/ijcai75.html IJCAI 1975], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi Tbilisi], Georgia, USSR, [http://ijcai.org/Past%20Proceedings/IJCAI-75-VOL-1&2/PDF/136.pdf pdf]
==1980 ...==
* [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Peter Tancig]], [[Simona Tancig]] ('''1984'''). ''[[Simona Tancig#ChessExperiment|Detection of Positional Patterns in Chess]]''. [[ICGA Journal#7_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2]]
==1990 ...==
* [[Fernand Gobet]], [[Peter Jansen]] ('''1994'''). ''[http://people.brunel.ac.uk/~hsstffg/abstracts/chess_program.html Towards a Chess Program Based on a Model of Human Memory].'' [[Advances in Computer Chess 7]]
* [[Adriaan de Groot]], [[Fernand Gobet]] ('''1996'''). ''[http://people.brunel.ac.uk/%7Ehsstffg/abstracts/deGroot_abstract.html Perception and memory in chess]. Heuristics of the professional eye.'' Assen: Van Gorcum, The Netherlands. ISBN 90-232-2949-5. Chapter 9; A discussion: Two authors, two different views? [http://people.brunel.ac.uk/%7Ehsstffg/preprints/DeGroot_Gobet_Chapter_9.doc word reprint].
==2000 ...==
* [[Neil Charness]], [[Eyal Reingold]], et al. ('''2001'''). ''The perceptual aspect of skilled performance in chess: Evidence from eye movements''. Memory & Cognition, Vol. 29, 1146-1152, [http://psych.utoronto.ca/users/reingold/publications/PDFs/Charness.Reingold.Pomplun.Stampe.2001.pdf pdf]
* [[Toma Roncevic]], [http://sciencewithart.ijs.si/women/ZANCHI/ Vlasta Zanchi] ('''2004'''). ''Following outlines by Robotic Retinal Eye Movements''. [http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-22271.html 3rd DAAAM International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Developing Countries, Split, Croatia]
* [[Eyal Reingold]], [[Neil Charness]] ('''2005'''). ''Perception in chess: Evidence from eye movements''. Cognitive processes in eye guidance. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press Oxford University Press], [http://psych.utoronto.ca/users/reingold/publications/PDFs/Reingold.Charness.2005.pdf pdf]
* [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Werner_Hunziker Hans-Werner Hunziker] ('''2006'''). ''[http://libraries.admin.ch/cgi-bin/gw/chameleon?search=KEYWORD&function=COPVOLSCR&skin=helveticat&lng=de&t1=372660068X&u1=7&rootsearch=KEYWORD Im Auge des Lesers: vom Buchstabieren zur Lesefreude]''. (In the eye of the reader: from letter recognition to the joy of reading) Transmedia Verlag, Zurich, ISBN 978-3-7266-0068-6 (German)
* [[Merim Bilalić]], [[Peter McLeod]], [[Fernand Gobet]] ('''2008'''). ''[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18565505 Why Good Thoughts Block Better Ones: The Mechanism of the Pernicious Einstellung (set) Effect]''. Cognition, Vol. 108, No. 3, [http://dspace.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/2276/1/Einstellung-Cognition.pdf preprint pdf]
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_movement Eye movement from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_movement_in_reading Eye movement in reading from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_movement_in_music_reading Eye movement in music reading from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_tracking Eye tracking from Wikipedia]
==Perception==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception Perception from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccade Saccade from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_pursuit Smooth pursuit from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_perception Visual perception from Wikipedia]
==Visual==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_cortex Visual cortex from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_processing Visual processing from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_search Visual search from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_system Visual system from Wikipedia]
==Vision==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision Vision from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_vision Computer vision from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_vision Peripheral vision from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_span Vision span from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_science Vision science from Wikipedia]
==Misc==
* [[:Category:McCoy Tyner|McCoy Tyner]] Trio with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Hubbard Freddie Hubbard] & [[:Category:Joe Henderson|Joe Henderson]] - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_%28McCoy_Tyner_album%29 Inner Glimpse], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_Ost-West Jazz Ost-West], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg Nuremberg], 1986, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: feat. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery_Sharpe Avery Sharpe] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Hayes Louis Hayes]
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcVMg2ynWYw|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[Cognition|Up one Level]]'''
[[Category:Joe Henderson]]
[[Category:McCoy Tyner]]
[[FILE:Eye_movements_of_a_chess_champion_nc.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eye_movements_of_a_chess_champion_nc.jpg| Eye movements of a chess champion <ref>[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Werner_Hunziker Hans-Werner Hunziker] ('''2006'''). ''[http://libraries.admin.ch/cgi-bin/gw/chameleon?search=KEYWORD&function=COPVOLSCR&skin=helveticat&lng=de&t1=372660068X&u1=7&rootsearch=KEYWORD Im Auge des Lesers: vom Buchstabieren zur Lesefreude]''. (In the eye of the reader: from letter recognition to the joy of reading) Transmedia Verlag, Zurich, ISBN 978-3-7266-0068-6, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_vision Peripheral vision from Wikipedia]</ref> ]]
'''Eye Movements''',<br/>
are [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_action voluntary] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex involuntary] movements of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye eyes] helping in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_perception visual perception] to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixation_%28visual%29 fixate] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_tracking track] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_system visual] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_%28psychology%29 stimuli], to acquire information applied to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorization memorization] and [[Learning|learning]] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristic heuristic search] and [[Pattern Recognition|pattern recognition]].
Of special interest in chess and cognition are eye movements of chess players at the chess board, where cognitive experiments and computer chess simulations were conducted by various researchers to understand how chess masters grasp the important features of a [[Chess Position|chess position]], giving hints to the [[Search|search]] concerning [[Moves|move]] [[Selectivity|selectivity]] and [[Move Ordering|ordering]]. In computer chess simulations, eye movement is related to attack and [[Move Generation|move generation]], either one-many of one [[Pieces|piece]] from its [[Origin Square|origin square]] to multiple [[Target Square|target squares]], or many-one, that is one particular target square attacked/defended by multiple pieces as in [[Square Attacked By]] with [[Bitboards|bitboards]] .
=Applications=
==Perceiver & MAPP==
The experimental program [[Perceiver]] by [[Michael Barenfeld]] and [[Herbert Simon]] was able to duplicate the eye movements of a master by adhering to the simple relations of [[Attack and Defend Maps|attack and defense]] <ref> [[Herbert Simon]], [[Michael Barenfeld]] ('''1969'''). ''[http://libra.msra.cn/Publication/36921984/information-processing-analysis-of-perceptual-processes-in-problem-solving Information-processing analysis of perceptual processes in problem solving]''. Psychological Review, Vol. 76, No. 5</ref>, further extended by [[Kevin J. Gilmartin]] and Simon into a system called [[MAPP]] (Memory-aided Pattern Perceiver) which uses the [[Learning|learning]] mechanism of [[EPAM]] <ref>[[Herbert Simon]], [[Kevin J. Gilmartin]] ('''1973'''). ''A Simulation of Memory for Chess Positions''. Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 5, pp. 29-46.</ref>.
==CHUMP==
[[CHUMP]], by [[Fernand Gobet]] and [[Peter Jansen]] <ref>[[Fernand Gobet]], [[Peter Jansen]] ('''1994'''). ''[http://people.brunel.ac.uk/~hsstffg/abstracts/chess_program.html Towards a Chess Program Based on a Model of Human Memory].'' [[Advances in Computer Chess 7]]</ref>, is an application of the [[CHREST|Chunk Hierarchy and REtrieval STructures]] (CHREST), a pattern learning approach where an eye movement simulator is the only part of the system where the rules of the game, that is how pieces attack and move, influence the learning process.
=Skill in Chess=
Excerpt from ''Eye movements at the Chess Board'' in ''Skill in Chess'', 1973 by [[Herbert Simon]] and [[William Chase]] <ref>[[Herbert Simon]], [[William Chase]] ('''1973'''). ''Skill in Chess''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Scientist American Scientist], Vol. 61, No. 4</ref>:
==Serial or Parallel?==
Explanations in terms of heuristic search postulate that problem solving, and cognition generally, is a serial, one-thing-at-a-time process. (We are oversimplifying matters to make the issue clear, but the oversimplification will suffice for the present.) Many psychologists have found this postulate implausible and have sought for evidence that the human organism engages in extensive parallel processing <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulric_Neisser Ulric Neisser] ('''1963'''). ''[http://www.sciencemag.org/content/139/3551/193.citation The Imitation of Man by Machine]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_%28journal%29 Science], Vol. 139</ref>.
The intuitive feeling that much information can be "acquired at a glance" argues for a parallel processor. Of course, the correctness of the intuition depends both on the amount of information that can actually be acquired and upon what is meant by a "glance." If a glance means a single eye fixation (lasting anywhere from a fifth of a second to a half-second or longer), then we know that there are high-speed serial processes (e.g. short-term memory search, visual scanning) that operate within this time range <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Sternberg Saul Sternberg] ('''1969'''). ''Memory-scanning: Mental Processes revealed by Reaction-time Experiments''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Scientist American Scientist], Vol. 57, No. 4, [http://www.psych.upenn.edu/~saul/am.scientist69.pdf pdf]</ref>. Thus, it is certainly interesting and relevant to find out how the human eye extracts information from a complex visual display like a chess position and to see whether this extraction process is compatible with the assumptions of the heuristic search theories.
==Tichomirov and Poznyanskaya==
A pair of Russian psychologists, [[Oleg K. Tichomirov|Tichomirov]] and [[E. D. Poznyanskaya|Poznyanskaya]], placed an expert before a chess position with instructions to find the best move, and they observed his eye movements during the first 5 seconds of the task <ref>[[Oleg K. Tichomirov]], [[E. D. Poznyanskaya]] ('''1966'''). ''[http://mesharpe.metapress.com/content/c72782612l25q601/ An Investigation of Visual Search as a Means of Analyzing Heuristics]''. Soviet Psychology, Winter 1966-67 (from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voprosy_Psikhologii Voprosy Psikhologii], 1966, 2, 4)</ref>. The eye movements were inconsistent with the hypothesis that the subject, during these 5 seconds, was searching through a tree of possible moves and their replies.
To describe further what Tichomirov and Poznyanskaya found, we must say a word about how the eye operates. The eye has a central region of high resolution, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fovea_centralis fovea] (about 1° in radius), surrounded by a periphery of decreasingly lower resolution. Most information about visual patterns is acquired while the fovea is fixated on them; and the eye moves abruptly, in so-called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccade saccadic] movements, from one point of fixation to the next. There are at most about four or five saccadic movements per second.
In Tichomirov and Poznyanskaya's record of the first 5 seconds of their subject's eye movements, there were about 20 fixations. Most of these centered on squares of the board occupied by pieces that any chess player would consider to be of importance to the position. There were few fixations at the edges or corners of the board or on empty squares. Moreover, a large number of the saccades moved from one piece to another, where the former piece stood in a "chess" relation — that is, an attack or defense relation—to the latter. For example, the eye would move frequently from a pawn to a Knight that attacked it, or to a Knight that defended it, or from a Queen to a pawn it attacked.
It is important to note that the saccadic movements were not random — therefore, that some information must have been acquired peripherally about the target square before the saccade began. From other evidenge, we know that a strong chess player can recognize a piece within a radius of 5° to 7° from his point of fixation; for eye-movement studies show that he can frequently replace such a piece correctly on a board when he has had no closer point of fixation to it <ref>[http://www.librarything.com/author/noordzijpc P. C. Noordzij] ('''1966'''). ''Het registreren van oogbewegingen bij schakers''. Psychology Laboratory of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Amsterdam University of Amsterdam]</ref>.
=See also=
* [[Attack and Defend Maps]]
* [[CHREST]]
* [[CHUMP]]
* [[MAPP]]
* [[Perceiver]]
* [[Square Attacked By]]
=Publicatons=
==1960 ...==
* [[Oleg K. Tichomirov]], [[E. D. Poznyanskaya]] ('''1966'''). ''[http://mesharpe.metapress.com/content/c72782612l25q601/ An Investigation of Visual Search as a Means of Analyzing Heuristics]''. Soviet Psychology, Winter 1966-67 (from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voprosy_Psikhologii Voprosy Psikhologii], 1966, 2, 4)
* [[Herbert Simon]], [[Michael Barenfeld]] ('''1968'''). ''Information Processing in the Perception of Chess Positions''. [[Carnegie Mellon University]], Paper #127
* [[Herbert Simon]], [[Michael Barenfeld]] ('''1969'''). ''[http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1970-01781-001 Information-processing analysis of perceptual processes in problem solving]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Review Psychological Review], Vol. 76, No. 5, [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/768a/0b6d7fbc759797012fefb2f4988c6581e2c3.pdf pdf], reprinted in [[Herbert Simon|Herbert A. Simon]] ('''1979'''). ''[https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300024326/models-thought Models of Thought]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press Yale University Press]
==1970 ...==
* [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1973'''). ''Lessons from Perception for Chess-Playing Programs (and Vice Versa)''. Computer Science Research Review 1972-73, [http://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=33779 pdf]
* [[Herbert Simon]], [[William Chase]] ('''1973'''). ''Skill in Chess''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Scientist American Scientist], Vol. 61, No. 4, reprinted ('''1988''') in [[Computer Chess Compendium]], [https://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=44582 pdf]* [[Ruslan Hajiev]] ('''1975'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1624769 Experimental Studies of Human Decision-Making and its Simulation by Situation Control Technique.]''. (on the basis of a chess endgame). [http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/ijcai/ijcai75.html IJCAI 1975], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi Tbilisi], Georgia, USSR, [http://ijcai.org/Past%20Proceedings/IJCAI-75-VOL-1&2/PDF/136.pdf pdf]
==1980 ...==
* [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Peter Tancig]], [[Simona Tancig]] ('''1984'''). ''[[Simona Tancig#ChessExperiment|Detection of Positional Patterns in Chess]]''. [[ICGA Journal#7_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2]]
==1990 ...==
* [[Fernand Gobet]], [[Peter Jansen]] ('''1994'''). ''[http://people.brunel.ac.uk/~hsstffg/abstracts/chess_program.html Towards a Chess Program Based on a Model of Human Memory].'' [[Advances in Computer Chess 7]]
* [[Adriaan de Groot]], [[Fernand Gobet]] ('''1996'''). ''[http://people.brunel.ac.uk/%7Ehsstffg/abstracts/deGroot_abstract.html Perception and memory in chess]. Heuristics of the professional eye.'' Assen: Van Gorcum, The Netherlands. ISBN 90-232-2949-5. Chapter 9; A discussion: Two authors, two different views? [http://people.brunel.ac.uk/%7Ehsstffg/preprints/DeGroot_Gobet_Chapter_9.doc word reprint].
==2000 ...==
* [[Neil Charness]], [[Eyal Reingold]], et al. ('''2001'''). ''The perceptual aspect of skilled performance in chess: Evidence from eye movements''. Memory & Cognition, Vol. 29, 1146-1152, [http://psych.utoronto.ca/users/reingold/publications/PDFs/Charness.Reingold.Pomplun.Stampe.2001.pdf pdf]
* [[Toma Roncevic]], [http://sciencewithart.ijs.si/women/ZANCHI/ Vlasta Zanchi] ('''2004'''). ''Following outlines by Robotic Retinal Eye Movements''. [http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-22271.html 3rd DAAAM International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Developing Countries, Split, Croatia]
* [[Eyal Reingold]], [[Neil Charness]] ('''2005'''). ''Perception in chess: Evidence from eye movements''. Cognitive processes in eye guidance. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press Oxford University Press], [http://psych.utoronto.ca/users/reingold/publications/PDFs/Reingold.Charness.2005.pdf pdf]
* [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Werner_Hunziker Hans-Werner Hunziker] ('''2006'''). ''[http://libraries.admin.ch/cgi-bin/gw/chameleon?search=KEYWORD&function=COPVOLSCR&skin=helveticat&lng=de&t1=372660068X&u1=7&rootsearch=KEYWORD Im Auge des Lesers: vom Buchstabieren zur Lesefreude]''. (In the eye of the reader: from letter recognition to the joy of reading) Transmedia Verlag, Zurich, ISBN 978-3-7266-0068-6 (German)
* [[Merim Bilalić]], [[Peter McLeod]], [[Fernand Gobet]] ('''2008'''). ''[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18565505 Why Good Thoughts Block Better Ones: The Mechanism of the Pernicious Einstellung (set) Effect]''. Cognition, Vol. 108, No. 3, [http://dspace.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/2276/1/Einstellung-Cognition.pdf preprint pdf]
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_movement Eye movement from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_movement_in_reading Eye movement in reading from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_movement_in_music_reading Eye movement in music reading from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_tracking Eye tracking from Wikipedia]
==Perception==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception Perception from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccade Saccade from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_pursuit Smooth pursuit from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_perception Visual perception from Wikipedia]
==Visual==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_cortex Visual cortex from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_processing Visual processing from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_search Visual search from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_system Visual system from Wikipedia]
==Vision==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision Vision from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_vision Computer vision from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_vision Peripheral vision from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_span Vision span from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_science Vision science from Wikipedia]
==Misc==
* [[:Category:McCoy Tyner|McCoy Tyner]] Trio with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Hubbard Freddie Hubbard] & [[:Category:Joe Henderson|Joe Henderson]] - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_%28McCoy_Tyner_album%29 Inner Glimpse], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_Ost-West Jazz Ost-West], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg Nuremberg], 1986, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: feat. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery_Sharpe Avery Sharpe] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Hayes Louis Hayes]
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcVMg2ynWYw|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[Cognition|Up one Level]]'''
[[Category:Joe Henderson]]
[[Category:McCoy Tyner]]
