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'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Engines]] * MANIAC I'''
'''MANIAC I''',<br/>
the chess program on a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MANIAC_I MANIAC I] (Mathematical Analyzer, Numerical Integrator, and Computer or Mathematical Analyzer, Numerator, Integrator, and Computer), the machine designed and build by a team around [[John von Neumann]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Metropolis Nicholas Metropolis] at the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory|Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory]]. The MANIAC I chess program was written in [[Timeline#1956|1956]] by a group of H-bomb researchers, [[Stanislaw Ulam]], [[Paul Stein]], [[Mark Wells]], [[James Kister]], [[William Walden]] and [[John Pasta]]. Due to lack of computing power, only a chess variant with a reduced 6 x 6 board was implemented, without bishops, [[Pawn Push#DoublePush|double-step]] for pawns and [[Castling|castling]] , later called [[Los Alamos Chess]].
=Photos=
[[FILE:2-2.MANIAC.LAT1994.L02645387.LANL.lg.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|640px|link=http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-431614f64c5ba]]
[[Los Alamos National Laboratory|Los Alamos]] scientists [[Paul Stein]] (left) and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Metropolis Nick Metropolis] playing chess with the MANIAC computer <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-431614f64c5ba Los Alamos scientisits Paul Stern (left) and Nick Metropolis playing chess with the MANIAC computer], 1956, Courtesy of [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], hosted by [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref>
=Description=
'''MANIAC I''' performed a [[Brute-Force|brute-force]] [[Type A Strategy|Shannon Type A strategy]], pure [[Minimax|minimax]]. During game play with 11,000 ops./sec, it searched 4 [[Ply|plies]] deep in about 12 minutes to find its best move. The program was written in 600 words of machine code. Its [[Evaluation|evaluation]] took [[Material|material]] and [[Mobility|mobility]] under account, both [[Incremental Updates|incrementally updated]] during [[Make Move|make]] and [[Unmake Move|unmake move]] <ref>[[Allen Newell]], [[Cliff Shaw]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1958'''). ''Chess Playing Programs and the Problem of Complexity''. IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 320-335. Reprinted (1963) in [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=6685 Computers and Thought] (eds. [[Edward Feigenbaum]] and [[Mathematician#JulianFeldman|Julian Feldman]]), pp. 39-70. McGraw-Hill, [http://aitopics.org/sites/default/files/classic/Feigenbaum_Feldman/C&T-Newll-Shaw-Simon.pdf pdf], pp. 45 Table I Comparison of Current Chess Programs</ref>.
=Quotes=
Quote from ''Chronology of Computing'' compiled by [[Mathematician#DSingmaster|David Singmaster]] <ref>[http://www.fbi.fh-darmstadt.de/fileadmin/vmi/chronologie/index.htm Chronology of Computing] compiled by [[Mathematician#DSingmaster|David Singmaster]]</ref>
A group at Los Alamos, based on Kister, Stein, Ulam, Walden and Wells, follows up a brief Russian reference to a chess program for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BESM BESM] <ref>"There are two other explorations between 1951 and 1956 of which we are aware - a hand simulation by [[Mathematician#Mosteller|F. Mosteller]] and a Russian program for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BESM BESM]. Unfortunately, not enough information is available on either to talk about them, so we must leave a gap in the history between 1951 and 1956" - footnote 1 in [[Allen Newell]], [[Cliff Shaw]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1958'''). ''Chess Playing Programs and the Problem of Complexity''. IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol. 4, No. 2, Reprinted (1963) in [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=6685 Computers and Thought] (eds. [[Edward Feigenbaum]] and [[Mathematician#JulianFeldman|Julian Feldman]]), pp. 47. McGraw-Hill, [http://aitopics.org/sites/default/files/classic/Feigenbaum_Feldman/C&T-Newll-Shaw-Simon.pdf pdf]</ref>. The Los Alamos group writes a program for the MANIAC I to play a reduced game of chess – using a 6 x 6 board without bishops.
==Fred Guterl==
Quote by Fred Guterl from ''Silicon gambit'' <ref>[http://discovermagazine.com/1996/jun/silicongambit791 Silicon gambit] by [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/fred-guterl/2/28/417 Fred Guterl], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discover_%28magazine%29 Discover], June 01, 1996</ref> :
The government laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico, got hold of one of the first computers, MANIAC I, so that Ulam and the other H-bomb researchers wouldn't have to stay up nights solving their voluminous equations with pencil and paper. Ulam, who described himself modestly as a "fair" chess player, couldn't resist putting the machine to work on a project of somewhat less import to coldwar strategy. Together with physicist [[Paul Stein]], he wrote one of the first chess-playing programs.
==Roger Snodgrass==
Roger Snodgrass in ''LANL: The Rest of the Story'' on MANIAC and [[Mark Wells]] <ref>[http://lanl-the-rest-of-the-story.blogspot.de/2008/07/lanl-unable-to-release-history-report.html LANL: The Rest of the Story] by [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/roger-snodgrass/0/1a2/196 Roger Snodgrass], Los Alamos Monitor Editor, July 16, 2008</ref>
Among the interesting tidbits in Wells article are stories about a chess-playing program on MANIAC. MANIAC’s limited memory restricted a play to board that was six squares by six squares and no bishops...
“Even then,” he wrote, “moves averaged about 10 minutes for a two-move, look-ahead strategy.” “That quickly became three moves, four moves, five moves ahead,” Wells said Tuesday, adding the current capability was at least 12 moves ahead.
His essay also includes an anecdote about a moment when the computer seemed to have a mind of its own. When Princeton physicist [[Mathematician#MartinKruskal|Martin Kruskal]] checkmated the MANIAC on the 38th move of a game, the machine responded with an illegal move. “We were dumbfounded for a while, until we traced the trouble and realized that the program had never been taught to resign,” Wells wrote. Facing no moves, the machine was stuck in a loop and the loop changed the program.
“You might call that a learning program,” he recalled.
=Selected Games=
MANIAC I played a game against a young lady who had learnt the game a week earlier. It was the first time a human had lost to a computer in a game of intellectual skill <ref>[http://en.chessbase.com/post/from-the-z1-to-the-singularity-zuse-s-100th-birthday/9 From the Z1 to the Singularity – Zuse's 100th birthday] by [[Frederic Friedel]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], June 22, 2010</ref>:
<pre>
[Event "6x6 Los Alamos Chess"]
[Site "Los Alamos"]
[Date "1956.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "MANIAC I"]
[Black "Human"]
[Result "1-0"]
1.d3 b4 2.Nf3 d4 3.b3 e4 4.Ne1 a4 5.bxa4 Nxa4 6.Kd2 Nc3 7.Nxc3 bxc3+ 8.Kd1 f4
9.a3 Rb6 10.a4 Ra6 11.a5 Kd5 12.Qa3 Qb5 13.Qa2+ Ke5 14.Rb1 Rxa5 15.Rxb5 Rxa2
16.Rb1 Ra5 17.f3 Ra4 18.fxe4 c4 19.Nf3+ Kd6 20.e5+ Kd5 21.exf6Q Nc5 22.Qf6xd4+
Kc6 23.Nf3-e5 1-0
</pre>
=See also=
* [[Various Classifications#Acronym|Acronym]]
* [[Various Classifications#Disease|Disease]]
* [[History|History of Computer Chess]]
* [[Los Alamos Chess]]
* [[Nils Barricelli]] - [[Nils Barricelli#Video|The Birth of the Computer]]
=Selected Publications=
* [[Paul Stein]], [[Stanislaw Ulam]] ('''1957'''). ''Experiments in chess on electronic computing machines''. Chess Review, 13 January 1957.
* [[James Kister]], [[Paul Stein]], [[Stanislaw Ulam]], [[William Walden]], [[Mark Wells]] ('''1957'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=320868.320877&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE&CFID=628969023&CFTOKEN=30690604 Experiments in Chess]''. [[ACM#Journal|Journal of the ACM]], Vol. 4, No. 2
* [[Allen Newell]], [[Cliff Shaw]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1958'''). ''Chess Playing Programs and the Problem of Complexity''. IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 320-335. Reprinted (1963) in [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=6685 Computers and Thought] (eds. [[Edward Feigenbaum]] and [[Mathematician#JulianFeldman|Julian Feldman]]), pp. 39-70. McGraw-Hill, [http://aitopics.org/sites/default/files/classic/Feigenbaum_Feldman/C&T-Newll-Shaw-Simon.pdf pdf]
* [[Paul Stein]] ('''1986'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4615-9819-0_7 Experiments in Chess on Electronic Computing Machines: Some Early Efforts]''. in [[Stanislaw Ulam]] ('''1986'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4615-9819-0 Science, Computers, and People - From the Tree of Mathematics]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkh%C3%A4user Birkhäuser]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_L._Anderson Herbert L. Anderson] ('''1986'''). ''Metropolis, Monte Carlo, and the MANIAC''. [http://la-science.lanl.gov/ Los Alamos Science], [http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/00326886.pdf pdf]
=External Links=
==Chess Program==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20071221115817/http://classicchess.googlepages.com/Chess.htm Classic Computer Chess - ... The programs of yesteryear] by [[Carey Bloodworth|Carey]], hosted by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive Internet Archive] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=56938&start=2 Re: Old programs CHAOS and USC] by [[Dann Corbit]], [[CCC]], July 11, 2015</ref>
* [http://discovermagazine.com/1996/jun/silicongambit791 Silicon gambit] by [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/fred-guterl/2/28/417 Fred Guterl], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discover_%28magazine%29 Discover], June 01, 1996
* [http://lanl-the-rest-of-the-story.blogspot.de/2008/07/lanl-unable-to-release-history-report.html LANL: The Rest of the Story] by [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/roger-snodgrass/0/1a2/196 Roger Snodgrass], Los Alamos Monitor Editor, July 16, 2008
* [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schachengine#John_von_Neumann MANIAC I - Mensch, Los Alamos, 1956 - Wikipedia.de] (German)
==Computer==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MANIAC_I MANIAC I from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL61-m.html#MANIAC-I BRL Report 1961 - MANIAC I] <ref>from [http://www.martinhweik.com/ Martin H. Weik] ('''1961'''). ''[http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL61.html#TOC A Third Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems]''. Report No. 1115</ref>
==Misc==
* [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/maniac maniac - Wiktionary]
* [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mania mania - Wiktionary]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mania Mania from Wikipedia]
* [[Videos#VolkerKriegel|Volker Kriegel]] & [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mild_Maniac_Orchestra Mild Maniac Orchestra] - Bahia Next Year, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk NDR Hamburg] 1976, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Schl%C3%BCter_%28Musiker%29 Wolfgang Schlüter], Volker Kriegel, [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Cress Curt Cress], [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Peter_Str%C3%B6er Hans Peter Ströer], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippy_Noya Nippy Noya], [[Videos#AlanSkidmore|Alan Skidmore]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Br%C3%BCninghaus Rainer Brüninghaus]
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dZInZMzTEDw|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[Engines|Up one level]]'''
'''MANIAC I''',<br/>
the chess program on a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MANIAC_I MANIAC I] (Mathematical Analyzer, Numerical Integrator, and Computer or Mathematical Analyzer, Numerator, Integrator, and Computer), the machine designed and build by a team around [[John von Neumann]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Metropolis Nicholas Metropolis] at the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory|Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory]]. The MANIAC I chess program was written in [[Timeline#1956|1956]] by a group of H-bomb researchers, [[Stanislaw Ulam]], [[Paul Stein]], [[Mark Wells]], [[James Kister]], [[William Walden]] and [[John Pasta]]. Due to lack of computing power, only a chess variant with a reduced 6 x 6 board was implemented, without bishops, [[Pawn Push#DoublePush|double-step]] for pawns and [[Castling|castling]] , later called [[Los Alamos Chess]].
=Photos=
[[FILE:2-2.MANIAC.LAT1994.L02645387.LANL.lg.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|640px|link=http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-431614f64c5ba]]
[[Los Alamos National Laboratory|Los Alamos]] scientists [[Paul Stein]] (left) and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Metropolis Nick Metropolis] playing chess with the MANIAC computer <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-431614f64c5ba Los Alamos scientisits Paul Stern (left) and Nick Metropolis playing chess with the MANIAC computer], 1956, Courtesy of [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], hosted by [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref>
=Description=
'''MANIAC I''' performed a [[Brute-Force|brute-force]] [[Type A Strategy|Shannon Type A strategy]], pure [[Minimax|minimax]]. During game play with 11,000 ops./sec, it searched 4 [[Ply|plies]] deep in about 12 minutes to find its best move. The program was written in 600 words of machine code. Its [[Evaluation|evaluation]] took [[Material|material]] and [[Mobility|mobility]] under account, both [[Incremental Updates|incrementally updated]] during [[Make Move|make]] and [[Unmake Move|unmake move]] <ref>[[Allen Newell]], [[Cliff Shaw]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1958'''). ''Chess Playing Programs and the Problem of Complexity''. IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 320-335. Reprinted (1963) in [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=6685 Computers and Thought] (eds. [[Edward Feigenbaum]] and [[Mathematician#JulianFeldman|Julian Feldman]]), pp. 39-70. McGraw-Hill, [http://aitopics.org/sites/default/files/classic/Feigenbaum_Feldman/C&T-Newll-Shaw-Simon.pdf pdf], pp. 45 Table I Comparison of Current Chess Programs</ref>.
=Quotes=
Quote from ''Chronology of Computing'' compiled by [[Mathematician#DSingmaster|David Singmaster]] <ref>[http://www.fbi.fh-darmstadt.de/fileadmin/vmi/chronologie/index.htm Chronology of Computing] compiled by [[Mathematician#DSingmaster|David Singmaster]]</ref>
A group at Los Alamos, based on Kister, Stein, Ulam, Walden and Wells, follows up a brief Russian reference to a chess program for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BESM BESM] <ref>"There are two other explorations between 1951 and 1956 of which we are aware - a hand simulation by [[Mathematician#Mosteller|F. Mosteller]] and a Russian program for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BESM BESM]. Unfortunately, not enough information is available on either to talk about them, so we must leave a gap in the history between 1951 and 1956" - footnote 1 in [[Allen Newell]], [[Cliff Shaw]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1958'''). ''Chess Playing Programs and the Problem of Complexity''. IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol. 4, No. 2, Reprinted (1963) in [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=6685 Computers and Thought] (eds. [[Edward Feigenbaum]] and [[Mathematician#JulianFeldman|Julian Feldman]]), pp. 47. McGraw-Hill, [http://aitopics.org/sites/default/files/classic/Feigenbaum_Feldman/C&T-Newll-Shaw-Simon.pdf pdf]</ref>. The Los Alamos group writes a program for the MANIAC I to play a reduced game of chess – using a 6 x 6 board without bishops.
==Fred Guterl==
Quote by Fred Guterl from ''Silicon gambit'' <ref>[http://discovermagazine.com/1996/jun/silicongambit791 Silicon gambit] by [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/fred-guterl/2/28/417 Fred Guterl], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discover_%28magazine%29 Discover], June 01, 1996</ref> :
The government laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico, got hold of one of the first computers, MANIAC I, so that Ulam and the other H-bomb researchers wouldn't have to stay up nights solving their voluminous equations with pencil and paper. Ulam, who described himself modestly as a "fair" chess player, couldn't resist putting the machine to work on a project of somewhat less import to coldwar strategy. Together with physicist [[Paul Stein]], he wrote one of the first chess-playing programs.
==Roger Snodgrass==
Roger Snodgrass in ''LANL: The Rest of the Story'' on MANIAC and [[Mark Wells]] <ref>[http://lanl-the-rest-of-the-story.blogspot.de/2008/07/lanl-unable-to-release-history-report.html LANL: The Rest of the Story] by [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/roger-snodgrass/0/1a2/196 Roger Snodgrass], Los Alamos Monitor Editor, July 16, 2008</ref>
Among the interesting tidbits in Wells article are stories about a chess-playing program on MANIAC. MANIAC’s limited memory restricted a play to board that was six squares by six squares and no bishops...
“Even then,” he wrote, “moves averaged about 10 minutes for a two-move, look-ahead strategy.” “That quickly became three moves, four moves, five moves ahead,” Wells said Tuesday, adding the current capability was at least 12 moves ahead.
His essay also includes an anecdote about a moment when the computer seemed to have a mind of its own. When Princeton physicist [[Mathematician#MartinKruskal|Martin Kruskal]] checkmated the MANIAC on the 38th move of a game, the machine responded with an illegal move. “We were dumbfounded for a while, until we traced the trouble and realized that the program had never been taught to resign,” Wells wrote. Facing no moves, the machine was stuck in a loop and the loop changed the program.
“You might call that a learning program,” he recalled.
=Selected Games=
MANIAC I played a game against a young lady who had learnt the game a week earlier. It was the first time a human had lost to a computer in a game of intellectual skill <ref>[http://en.chessbase.com/post/from-the-z1-to-the-singularity-zuse-s-100th-birthday/9 From the Z1 to the Singularity – Zuse's 100th birthday] by [[Frederic Friedel]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], June 22, 2010</ref>:
<pre>
[Event "6x6 Los Alamos Chess"]
[Site "Los Alamos"]
[Date "1956.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "MANIAC I"]
[Black "Human"]
[Result "1-0"]
1.d3 b4 2.Nf3 d4 3.b3 e4 4.Ne1 a4 5.bxa4 Nxa4 6.Kd2 Nc3 7.Nxc3 bxc3+ 8.Kd1 f4
9.a3 Rb6 10.a4 Ra6 11.a5 Kd5 12.Qa3 Qb5 13.Qa2+ Ke5 14.Rb1 Rxa5 15.Rxb5 Rxa2
16.Rb1 Ra5 17.f3 Ra4 18.fxe4 c4 19.Nf3+ Kd6 20.e5+ Kd5 21.exf6Q Nc5 22.Qf6xd4+
Kc6 23.Nf3-e5 1-0
</pre>
=See also=
* [[Various Classifications#Acronym|Acronym]]
* [[Various Classifications#Disease|Disease]]
* [[History|History of Computer Chess]]
* [[Los Alamos Chess]]
* [[Nils Barricelli]] - [[Nils Barricelli#Video|The Birth of the Computer]]
=Selected Publications=
* [[Paul Stein]], [[Stanislaw Ulam]] ('''1957'''). ''Experiments in chess on electronic computing machines''. Chess Review, 13 January 1957.
* [[James Kister]], [[Paul Stein]], [[Stanislaw Ulam]], [[William Walden]], [[Mark Wells]] ('''1957'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=320868.320877&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE&CFID=628969023&CFTOKEN=30690604 Experiments in Chess]''. [[ACM#Journal|Journal of the ACM]], Vol. 4, No. 2
* [[Allen Newell]], [[Cliff Shaw]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1958'''). ''Chess Playing Programs and the Problem of Complexity''. IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 320-335. Reprinted (1963) in [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=6685 Computers and Thought] (eds. [[Edward Feigenbaum]] and [[Mathematician#JulianFeldman|Julian Feldman]]), pp. 39-70. McGraw-Hill, [http://aitopics.org/sites/default/files/classic/Feigenbaum_Feldman/C&T-Newll-Shaw-Simon.pdf pdf]
* [[Paul Stein]] ('''1986'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4615-9819-0_7 Experiments in Chess on Electronic Computing Machines: Some Early Efforts]''. in [[Stanislaw Ulam]] ('''1986'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4615-9819-0 Science, Computers, and People - From the Tree of Mathematics]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkh%C3%A4user Birkhäuser]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_L._Anderson Herbert L. Anderson] ('''1986'''). ''Metropolis, Monte Carlo, and the MANIAC''. [http://la-science.lanl.gov/ Los Alamos Science], [http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/00326886.pdf pdf]
=External Links=
==Chess Program==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20071221115817/http://classicchess.googlepages.com/Chess.htm Classic Computer Chess - ... The programs of yesteryear] by [[Carey Bloodworth|Carey]], hosted by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive Internet Archive] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=56938&start=2 Re: Old programs CHAOS and USC] by [[Dann Corbit]], [[CCC]], July 11, 2015</ref>
* [http://discovermagazine.com/1996/jun/silicongambit791 Silicon gambit] by [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/fred-guterl/2/28/417 Fred Guterl], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discover_%28magazine%29 Discover], June 01, 1996
* [http://lanl-the-rest-of-the-story.blogspot.de/2008/07/lanl-unable-to-release-history-report.html LANL: The Rest of the Story] by [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/roger-snodgrass/0/1a2/196 Roger Snodgrass], Los Alamos Monitor Editor, July 16, 2008
* [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schachengine#John_von_Neumann MANIAC I - Mensch, Los Alamos, 1956 - Wikipedia.de] (German)
==Computer==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MANIAC_I MANIAC I from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL61-m.html#MANIAC-I BRL Report 1961 - MANIAC I] <ref>from [http://www.martinhweik.com/ Martin H. Weik] ('''1961'''). ''[http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL61.html#TOC A Third Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems]''. Report No. 1115</ref>
==Misc==
* [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/maniac maniac - Wiktionary]
* [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mania mania - Wiktionary]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mania Mania from Wikipedia]
* [[Videos#VolkerKriegel|Volker Kriegel]] & [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mild_Maniac_Orchestra Mild Maniac Orchestra] - Bahia Next Year, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk NDR Hamburg] 1976, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Schl%C3%BCter_%28Musiker%29 Wolfgang Schlüter], Volker Kriegel, [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Cress Curt Cress], [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Peter_Str%C3%B6er Hans Peter Ströer], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippy_Noya Nippy Noya], [[Videos#AlanSkidmore|Alan Skidmore]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Br%C3%BCninghaus Rainer Brüninghaus]
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dZInZMzTEDw|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[Engines|Up one level]]'''
