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Created page with "'''Home * Programming * Algorithms * Trial and Error''' FILE:Monkey-typing.jpg|border|right|thumb| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee Chimpanz..."
'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Programming]] * [[Algorithms]] * Trial and Error'''
[[FILE:Monkey-typing.jpg|border|right|thumb| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee Chimpanzee] is giving it a try <ref>Given enough time, a hypothetical monkey typing at random would, as part of its output, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost_surely almost surely] produce all of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare Shakespeare's] plays. In this image a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee chimpanzee] is giving it a try, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_monkey_theorem Infinite monkey theorem from Wikipedia], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons Wikimedia Commons]</ref> ]]
'''Trial and Error''' is a general [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_solving problem solving] method in contrast of an approach using [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insight insight] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory theory]. In science, formulation and testing of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesis hypotheses] is based on trial and error, in computer science also called ''generate and test'', and in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_algebra elementary algebra], when solving certain equations, called ''guess and check''. [[Learning]] and optimization methods such as [[Genetic Programming#GeneticAlgorithm|genetic algorithms]], [[Simulated Annealing|simulated annealing]] and [[Reinforcement Learning|reinforcement learning]] also apply trial and error methods. In general, trial and error makes no attempt to discover why a solution works, but that it is a solution. A further application related to computer chess is to [[Looking for Magics|find factors]] for the application of [[Magic Bitboards]] with spare populated, but otherwise [[Pseudorandom Number Generator|randomly chosen numbers]].
=See also=
* [[Automated Tuning]]
* [[Backtracking]]
* [[Book Learning]]
* [[Brute-Force]]
* [[Genetic Programming]]
* [[Learning]]
* [[Looking for Magics]]
* [[Monte-Carlo Tree Search]]
* [[Reinforcement Learning]]
* [[Simulated Annealing]]
=Selected Publications=
* [[Donald Michie]] ('''1961'''). ''Trial and Error''. Penguin Science Survey, [http://staff.science.uva.nl/%7Ealdersho/GameProgramming/Papers/MichieMENACE.pdf pdf]
* [[Herbert Simon|Herbert A. Simon]], [http://www.cs.cmu.edu/simon/kfrank.html Peter A. Simon] ('''1962'''). ''[http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=search.displayRecord&UID=1963-06169-001 Trial and Error Search in Solving Difficult Problems: Evidence from the Game of Chess]''. Behavioral Science, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 425-429
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_and_error Trial and error from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_and_error_%28disambiguation%29 Trial and error (disambiguation) from Wikipedia]
* [http://intelligence.worldofcomputing.net/ai-search/generate-and-test-search.html Generate-And-Test Search - Artificial Intelligence]
* [http://www.adiwebs.com/generate-and-test/ Generate and Test] from [http://www.adiwebs.com/ adiwebs.com]
* [http://www.teachervision.fen.com/math/problem-solving/48896.html Problem Solving: Guess and Check - TeacherVision.com]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NP-complete NP-complete from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_%28band%29 Dreams] - Try Me, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_%28band%29#Dreams_.281970.29 Dreams (1970)], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: [[Videos#RandyBrecker|Randy Brecker]], [[Videos#MichaelBrecker|Michael Brecker]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Rogers Barry Rogers], [[Videos#BillyCobham|Billy Cobham]], [[Videos#JohnAbercrombie|John Abercrombie]], [http://www.discogs.com/artist/624287-Edward-Vernon-2 Edward Vernon], [http://jeffkentmusic.blogspot.com/p/biography.html Jeff Kent], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglass_Lubahn Doug Lubahn]
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jak1hBD1edc|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[Algorithms|Up one Level]]'''
[[FILE:Monkey-typing.jpg|border|right|thumb| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee Chimpanzee] is giving it a try <ref>Given enough time, a hypothetical monkey typing at random would, as part of its output, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost_surely almost surely] produce all of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare Shakespeare's] plays. In this image a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee chimpanzee] is giving it a try, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_monkey_theorem Infinite monkey theorem from Wikipedia], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons Wikimedia Commons]</ref> ]]
'''Trial and Error''' is a general [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_solving problem solving] method in contrast of an approach using [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insight insight] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory theory]. In science, formulation and testing of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesis hypotheses] is based on trial and error, in computer science also called ''generate and test'', and in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_algebra elementary algebra], when solving certain equations, called ''guess and check''. [[Learning]] and optimization methods such as [[Genetic Programming#GeneticAlgorithm|genetic algorithms]], [[Simulated Annealing|simulated annealing]] and [[Reinforcement Learning|reinforcement learning]] also apply trial and error methods. In general, trial and error makes no attempt to discover why a solution works, but that it is a solution. A further application related to computer chess is to [[Looking for Magics|find factors]] for the application of [[Magic Bitboards]] with spare populated, but otherwise [[Pseudorandom Number Generator|randomly chosen numbers]].
=See also=
* [[Automated Tuning]]
* [[Backtracking]]
* [[Book Learning]]
* [[Brute-Force]]
* [[Genetic Programming]]
* [[Learning]]
* [[Looking for Magics]]
* [[Monte-Carlo Tree Search]]
* [[Reinforcement Learning]]
* [[Simulated Annealing]]
=Selected Publications=
* [[Donald Michie]] ('''1961'''). ''Trial and Error''. Penguin Science Survey, [http://staff.science.uva.nl/%7Ealdersho/GameProgramming/Papers/MichieMENACE.pdf pdf]
* [[Herbert Simon|Herbert A. Simon]], [http://www.cs.cmu.edu/simon/kfrank.html Peter A. Simon] ('''1962'''). ''[http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=search.displayRecord&UID=1963-06169-001 Trial and Error Search in Solving Difficult Problems: Evidence from the Game of Chess]''. Behavioral Science, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 425-429
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_and_error Trial and error from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_and_error_%28disambiguation%29 Trial and error (disambiguation) from Wikipedia]
* [http://intelligence.worldofcomputing.net/ai-search/generate-and-test-search.html Generate-And-Test Search - Artificial Intelligence]
* [http://www.adiwebs.com/generate-and-test/ Generate and Test] from [http://www.adiwebs.com/ adiwebs.com]
* [http://www.teachervision.fen.com/math/problem-solving/48896.html Problem Solving: Guess and Check - TeacherVision.com]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NP-complete NP-complete from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_%28band%29 Dreams] - Try Me, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_%28band%29#Dreams_.281970.29 Dreams (1970)], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: [[Videos#RandyBrecker|Randy Brecker]], [[Videos#MichaelBrecker|Michael Brecker]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Rogers Barry Rogers], [[Videos#BillyCobham|Billy Cobham]], [[Videos#JohnAbercrombie|John Abercrombie]], [http://www.discogs.com/artist/624287-Edward-Vernon-2 Edward Vernon], [http://jeffkentmusic.blogspot.com/p/biography.html Jeff Kent], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglass_Lubahn Doug Lubahn]
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jak1hBD1edc|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[Algorithms|Up one Level]]'''
