Traversing Subsets of a Set

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Traversing Subsets of a Set determines the power set of a set, or a subset of the power set with certain properties such as equal cardinality. Represented by a bitboard, this is useful to loop over possible occupancies of a set of rays or lines, and to look for magic factors with a certain cardinality.

=Enumerating All Subsets=

All Subsets of the Universal Set
To enumerate all subsets of the universal set -1 is obvious, but takes some time. Assuming one loop cycle takes one nano-second, it would still take 18,446,744,073 seconds or about 585 years! // enumerate all subsets of the universal set -1 void enumerateAllSubsetsOfTheBitboardUniverse { U64 n = 0; do { doSomeThingWithSubset(n); n++; } while ( n ); }

All Subsets of any Set
// enumerate all subsets of set d void enumerateAllSubsets(U64 d) { U64 n = 0; do { doSomeThingWithSubset(n); n = (n - d) & d;  } while ( n ); } This is how the Carry-Rippler, introduced by Marcel van Kervinck and later by Steffan Westcott works: we first set all "unused" bits of the set by oring the One's Complement of d. The increment ripples a possible carry through all unused bits - and finally we clear all unused bits again by intersection with the set d: n = ((n | ~d) + 1) & d; We can safely replace bitwise-or by add, since unused bits are always zero: n = ((n + ~d) + 1) & d; Replacing One's Complement by Two's Complement minus one n = ((n + (-d-1) + 1) & d; leaves the final expression n = (n - d) & d;

= Subsets with equal Cardinality= Traversing subsets with one bit set was already mentioned in the Bitboard Serialization topic.

Equal cardinality subsets have Same number of one bits - thus Snoob, as synonym of the iterator-function. To use snoob in a loop: U64 x, y, first = 0x0f; // traverse all 4-bit sequences for (x = first; (y = snoob(x)) > x; x = y)  doSomethingWith(y);

We add the LS1B (smallest) to the set, to get a greater number. The former LS1B becomes zero with overflow. If the next higher bit was zero, it takes the carry and the number of set bits didn't change - two flipped bits. Otherwise, if the carry ripples through, leaving further zero(s), we need to set least significant bits accordingly, to keep the cardinality equal. Thus, we xor ripple to get the flipped bits as ones. We shift this sequence right, until it becomes the least significant bits (divide by smallest). To take the two compensating bits off, we need to further divide by 4 (leading or trailing shift right 2). Get the next higher number with the same number of one bits (Snoob) was devised by Bill Gosper as HAKMEM 175 in PDP-6 Assembly and elaborated in Hacker's Delight by Henry S. Warren, Jr..

Snoobing the Universe
// get next greater value with same number of one bits // Taken from "Hacker's Delight" by Henry S. Warren, Jr. // originally appeared as HAKMEM ITEM 175 (Bill Gosper) U64 snoob (U64 x) { U64 smallest, ripple, ones; smallest = x & -x; ripple = x + smallest; ones = x ^ ripple; ones = (ones >> 2) / smallest; return ripple | ones; }

Modified Snoob
Division by power of two replaced by De Bruijn bitscan and shift right: const U64 deBruijn = C64(0x03f79d71b4cb0a89);

const unsigned int deBruijnLookup[64] = // or unsigned char {   0,  1, 48,  2, 57, 49, 28,  3,   61, 58, 50, 42, 38, 29, 17,  4,   62, 55, 59, 36, 53, 51, 43, 22,   45, 39, 33, 30, 24, 18, 12,  5,   63, 47, 56, 27, 60, 41, 37, 16,   54, 35, 52, 21, 44, 32, 23, 11,   46, 26, 40, 15, 34, 20, 31, 10,   25, 14, 19,  9, 13,  8,  7,  6, };

// get next greater value with same number of one bits U64 snoob (U64 x) { U64 smallest, ripple, ones; smallest = x & (0-x); ripple  = x + smallest; ones    = x ^ ripple; ones    = (ones >> 2) >> deBruijnLookup[(smallest*deBruijn) >> 58]; return ripple | ones; } Due to implicit modulo(64) of the shift amount by the processor (ones >> i) >> 2 == (ones >> 2) >> i might not equal to ones >> (2 + i)!

Reverse Snoob
based on One's Complement: // get next less value with same number of one bits U64 rSnoob (U64 sub) { return ~snoob(~sub); } or to safe some bitscans // get next less value with same number of one bits U64 rSnoob (U64 sub) { if ( sub & 1 ) return ~snoob(~sub); U64 lsb = sub & (0-sub); return sub ^ lsb ^ (lsb>>1); }

Snoobing any Sets
combining the Carry Rippler with Snoob - a little more complicated set: ... 1110 0110 0x..e6 e.g. all subsets with two set bits: ... 0000 0110 0x..06 ... 0010 0010 0x..22 ... 0010 0100 0x..24 ... 0100 0010 0x..42 ... 0100 0100 0x..44 ... 0110 0000 0x..60 ... 1000 0010 0x..82 ... 1000 0100 0x..84 ... 1010 0000 0x..a0 ... 1100 0000 0x..c0

// get next greater subset of set with same number of one bits U64 snoob (U64 sub, U64 set) { U64 tmp = sub-1; U64 rip = set & (tmp + (sub & (0-sub)) - set); for(sub = (tmp & sub) ^ rip; sub &= sub-1; rip ^= tmp, set ^= tmp) tmp = set & (0-set); return rip; }

// get next less set of a subset with same number of one bits U64 rSnoob (U64 sub, U64 set) { return ~snoob(~sub & set, set) & set; }

=See also=
 * Bitboard Serialization
 * De Bruijn Sequence
 * Magic Bitboards

=Selected Publications=
 * Michael Beeler, Bill Gosper, Rich Schroeppel (1972). HAKMEM, Memo 239. CSAIL, MIT, ITEM 175 (Gosper)
 * Frank Ruskey (2003). Combinatorial Generation. University of Victoria, pdf
 * Henry S. Warren, Jr. (2012). Hacker's Delight, 2nd Edition. Addison-Wesley

=Forum Posts=
 * Re: move generators in computer chess, Tricky bit tricks by Marcel van Kervinck, rgcc, October 20, 1994
 * Re: algorithm question by Steffan Westcott, CCC, February 27, 2006

=External Links=
 * Partially ordered set from Wikipedia
 * Power set from Wikipedia
 * Led Zeppelin - Dazed and Confused, YouTube Video, Lost Performances (2/5)

=References=

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