Go

Home * Games * Go



The game of Go has attracted game researchers and programmers as an ambitious AI-challenge. Albert Zobrist was a pioneer, who wrote the first Go program in 1968 as part of his Ph.D. Thesis on pattern recognition. Chess programmers, beside others, Rémi Coulom and Gian-Carlo Pascutto became successful Go programmers with their programs CrazyStone and Leela respectively. Competitive computer Go, as organized by the ICGA, is played on boards with 9x9 as well with default 19x19 grids. Since Go lacks a simple evaluation function mainly based on counting material, attempts to apply similar techniques and algorithms as in chess were less successful. The breakthrough in computer Go was accomplished by Monte-Carlo tree search and deep learning. =Progress=

Monte-Carlo Go
After early trials to apply Monte Carlo methods to a Go playing program by Bernd Brügmann in 1993, recent developments since the mid 2000s by Bruno Bouzy , and by Rémi Coulom, who coined the term Monte-Carlo Tree Search , in conjunction with UCT (Upper Confidence bounds applied to Trees) introduced by Levente Kocsis and Csaba Szepesvári , led to a breakthrough in computer Go.

CNNs
As mentioned by Ilya Sutskever and Vinod Nair in 2008, convolutional neural networks are well suited for problems with a natural translation invariance, such as object recognition. Go has some translation invariance, because if all the pieces on a hypothetical Go board are shifted to the left, then the best move will also shift (with the exception of pieces that are on the boundary of the board). Many applications of neural networks to Go have already used convolutional neural networks, such as Nicol N. Schraudolph et al., Erik van der Werf et al. , and Markus Enzenberger , among others.

In 2014, two teams independently investigated whether deep convolutional neural networks could be used to directly represent and learn a move evaluation function for the game of Go. Christopher Clark and Amos Storkey trained an 8-layer convolutional neural network by supervised learning from a database of human professional games, which without any search, defeated the traditional search program Gnu Go in 86% of the games. In their paper Move Evaluation in Go Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks, Chris J. Maddison, Aja Huang, Ilya Sutskever, and David Silver report they trained a large 12-layer convolutional neural network in a similar way, to beat Gnu Go in 97% of the games, and matched the performance of a state-of-the-art Monte-Carlo Tree Search that simulates a million positions per move.

AlphaGo
In 2015, a team affiliated with Google DeepMind around David Silver, Aja Huang, Chris J. Maddison, and Demis Hassabis, supported by Google researchers John Nham and Ilya Sutskever, build a Go playing program dubbed AlphaGo, combining Monte-Carlo tree search with their 12-layer networks, the “policy network,” to select the next move, the “value network,” to predict the winner of the game. The neural networks were trained on 30 million moves from games played by human experts, until it could predict the human move 57 percent of the time. AlphaGo achieved a huge winning rate against other Go programs, and defeated European Go champion Fan Hui in October 2015 with a 5 - 0 score On March 9 to 15, 2016, AlphaGo won a $1M 5-game challenge match in Seoul versus Lee Sedol with 4 - 1. During The Future of Go Summit from May 23 to 27, 2017 in Wuzhen, China, AlphaGo won a three-game match versus current world No. 1 ranking player Ke Ji. After the Summit, AlphaGo is now retired from competitive play while DeepMind continues AI research in other areas.

AlphaGo Zero & AlphaZero
However, in October 2017, AlphaGo Zero, an evolution of AlphaGo was introduced. While previous versions were initially trained on thousands of human amateur and professional games to learn how to play Go, AlphaGo Zero learns exclusively by playing games against itself, starting from completely random play, to quickly surpass human level of play and defeated the previously published champion-defeating version of AlphaGo by 100 games to 0. AlphaGo Zero was further improved and even generalized for other games now dubbed AlphaZero, as published in December 2017.

Fine Art
Fine Art is a Go playing entity developed since 2016 under the patronage of the Chinese media company Tencent by a team around Liu Yongsheng, along with Ma Bo, Tang Shanmin, Wu Guangyu, and Zhang Kaixu. It won the Computer Go UEC Cup at the University of Electro-Communications, Chōfu, Tokyo, Japan, in March 2017 against a field of 27 other programs including DeepZenGo and Crazy Stone. In January 2018, it defeated Ke Jie 9P in 77 moves after giving two stones handicap on Fox Weiqi server.

=Quotes= Quote by Gian-Carlo Pascutto in 2010 : There is no significant difference between an alpha-beta search with heavy LMR and a static evaluator (current state of the art in chess) and an UCT searcher with a small exploration constant that does playouts (state of the art in go).

The shape of the tree they search is very similar. The main breakthrough in Go the last few years was how to backup an uncertain Monte Carlo score. This was solved. For chess this same problem was solved around the time quiescent search was developed.

Both are producing strong programs and we've proven for both the methods that they scale in strength as hardware speed goes up.

So I would say that we've successfully adopted the simple, brute force methods for chess to Go and they already work without increases in computer speed. The increases will make them progressively stronger though, and with further software tweaks they will eventually surpass humans.

=Computer Olympiads=
 * 1st Computer Olympiad, London 1989
 * 2nd Computer Olympiad, London 1990
 * 3rd Computer Olympiad, Maastricht 1991
 * 4th Computer Olympiad, London 1992
 * 5th Computer Olympiad, London 2000
 * 7th Computer Olympiad, Maastricht 2002
 * 8th Computer Olympiad, Graz 2003
 * 9th Computer Olympiad, Ramat Gan 2004
 * 10th Computer Olympiad, Taipei 2005
 * 11th Computer Olympiad, Turin 2006
 * 12th Computer Olympiad, Amsterdam 2007
 * 13th Computer Olympiad, Beijing 2008
 * 14th Computer Olympiad, Pamplona 2009
 * 15th Computer Olympiad, Kanazawa 2010
 * 16th Computer Olympiad, Tilburg 2011
 * 17th Computer Olympiad, Yokohama 2013
 * 18th Computer Olympiad, Leiden 2015
 * 19th Computer Olympiad, Leiden 2016
 * 20th Computer Olympiad, Leiden 2017

=See also=

Search

 * Monte-Carlo Tree Search
 * UCT

Learning

 * Neural Networks
 * Deep Learning

Misc

 * Go (Programming Language)
 * A googolplex of Go games
 * Phantom Go

Videos on Go

 * Mathematics and Go by Elwyn Berlekamp, February 06, 2006
 * Yizao Wang Interview at the 12th Computer Olympiad June 2007
 * Sylvain Gelly Interview at the 12th Computer Olympiad June 2007
 * Edward de Grijs Interview at the 12th Computer Olympiad June 2007
 * Jaap van den Herik Interview at the 12th Computer Olympiad June 2007
 * Ground-breaking AlphaGo masters the game of Go January 2016
 * The computer that mastered Go Januar 2016
 * Rémi Coulom Interview on AlphaGo, February 2016
 * Keynote Lecture CG 2016 Conference by Aja Huang July 2016
 * David Silver on AlphaGo Zero
 * Petr Baudiš on AlphaGo Zero
 * Behind the scenes of Fine Art January 2018

=Selected Publications=

1960 ...

 * Jack Good (1965). The Mystery of Go. Literature: Reports hosted by Atlas Computer Laboratory

1970 ...

 * Albert Zobrist (1970). Feature Extraction and Representation for Pattern Recognition and the Game of Go. Ph.D. Thesis (152 pp.), University of Wisconsin, also published as technical report, pdf
 * Walter R. Reitman, James Kerwin, Robert Nado, Judith S. Reitman, Bruce Wilcox (1974). Goals and Plans in a Program for Playing Go. Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference, reprinted in David Levy (ed.) (1988). Computer Games II. google books
 * Walter R. Reitman, Bruce Wilcox (1975). Perception and representation of spatial relations in a program for playing Go. Proceedings of the 30th ACM Conference, reprinted in David Levy (ed.) (1988). Computer Games II.
 * Judith S. Reitman (1976). Skilled Perception in Go: Deducing Memory Structures from Inter-Response Times. Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 8, No, 3
 * Walter R. Reitman, Bruce Wilcox (1977). Pattern Recognition and Pattern-Directed Inference in a Program for Playing Go. ACM SIGART Bulletin, No. 63, reprinted in David Levy (ed.) (1988). Computer Games II.
 * Editor (1979). Computer GO Has Come. Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 5, pp. 55
 * Walter R. Reitman, Bruce Wilcox (1979). Modelling Tactical Analysis and Problem Solving in Go. Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Pittsburgh Conference on Modelling and Simulation
 * Walter R. Reitman, Bruce Wilcox (1979). The Structure and Performance of the INTERIM.2 Go Program. IJCAI 1979, reprinted in David Levy (ed.) (1988). Computer Games II.

1980 ...

 * Editor (1980). The Challenge of Computer Go. Personal Computing, Vol. 4, No. 8, pp. 79
 * Editor (1980). Zobrist Program in Action. Personal Computing, Vol. 4, No. 8, pp. 81 » Albert Zobrist
 * Bruce Wilcox (1985). Reflections on building two Go programs. ACM SIGART Bulletin, No. 94
 * Anders Kierulf (1985). Smart Go Board: Algorithms for the Tactical Calculator. Diploma thesis (unpublished), ETH Zurich.
 * David Levy (ed.) (1988). Computer Games II. Springer, ISBN: 978-1-4613-8756-5, Chapter 5 - Go
 * Janusz Kraszek (1988). Heuristics in the life and death algorithm of a Go playing program. Computer Go 9 (Winter 1988-89)
 * Anders Kierulf, Jürg Nievergelt (1989). Swiss Explorer blunders its way into winning the first computer Go Olympiad. Heuristic Programming in AI 1
 * Ken Chen (1989). Group Identification in Computer Go. Heuristic Programming in AI 1

1990
1991 1992 1993 1994
 * Ken Chen (1990). The Move Decision Process of Go Intellect, Computer Go, No.14, pp. 9-17.
 * Ken Chen, Anders Kierulf, Martin Müller, Jürg Nievergelt (1990). The Design and Evolution of Go Explorer. Computers, Chess, and Cognition
 * Kiyoshi Shirayanagi (1990). Knowledge Representation and its Refinement in Go Programs. Computers, Chess, and Cognition
 * David Wolfe (1991). Mathematics of Go: Chilling Corridors. Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley, advisor Elwyn Berlekamp
 * Herbert D. Enderton (1991). The Golem Go Program. Technical Report CMU-CS-92-101, Carnegie Mellon University
 * Ken Chen (1991). Go Intellect wins two Gold Medals. Heuristic Programming in AI 2
 * Barney Pell (1991). Exploratory Learning in the Game of GO. Heuristic Programming in AI 2
 * Thomas Wolf (1991). Investigating Tsumego Problems with "RisiKo". Heuristic Programming in AI 2
 * Warren D. Smith (1992). Hash functions for Binary and Ternary Words. NEC Research Institute, ps
 * Thomas Wolf (1992). Generating tsume go problems with GoTools. Heuristic Programming in AI 4
 * David Fotland (1993). Knowledge representation in the Many Faces of Go.
 * Bernd Brügmann (1993). Monte Carlo Go. pdf
 * Elwyn Berlekamp, David Wolfe (1994). Mathematical Go - Chilling Gets the Last Point. A K Peters Ltd., also in paperback as Mathematical Go Endgames: Nightmares For the Professional Go Player. Ishi Press
 * Nicol N. Schraudolph, Peter Dayan, Terrence J. Sejnowski (1994). Temporal Difference Learning of Position Evaluation in the Game of Go. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 6

1995 ...
1996 1997 1998 1999
 * Jay Burmeister, Janet Wiles (1995). CS-TR-339 Computer Go Tech Report. Departments of Computer Science and Psychology, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia (permanently - under construction)
 * Jay Burmeister, Janet Wiles (1995). The Challenge of Go as a Domain for AI Research: A Comparison Between Go and Chess. In Proceedings of the Third Australian and New Zealand Conference on Intelligent Information Systems, IEEE Western Australia Section, pdf
 * Tristan Cazenave (1995). Learning and Problem Solving in Gogol, a Go playing program. pdf
 * Bruce Wilcox, Sue Wilcox (1996). EZ-GO-Oriental Strategy in a Nutshell. KI Press, ISBN13 978-0965223546
 * Markus Enzenberger (1996). The Integration of A Priori Knowledge into a Go Playing Neural Network.
 * Martin Müller, Ralph Gasser (1996). Experiments in Computer Go Endgames. Games of No Chance edited by Richard J. Nowakowski
 * Martin Müller, Elwyn Berlekamp, Bill Spight (1996). Generalized thermography: Algorithms, implementation, and application to Go endgames. Technical Report 96-030, ICSI Berkeley, 1996. postscript
 * Bruno Bouzy, Tristan Cazenave (1996). Shared concepts between complex systems and the game of Go. pdf
 * Tristan Cazenave (1997). Gogol (an Analytical Learning Program). IJCAI'97, pdf
 * Bruno Bouzy, Tristan Cazenave (1997). Using the Object Oriented Paradigm to Model Context in Computer Go. Context'97, pdf
 * Ken Chen (1998). Heuristic Search in Go Game Tree, Proceedings of Joint Conference on Information Sciences ’98, Vol. II, pp. 274-278. The Association for Intelligent Machinery, Inc. ISBN 0-9643456-7-6.
 * Tristan Cazenave (1998). Integration of Different Reasoning Modes in a Go Playing and Learning System. pdf
 * Bill Spight (1998). Extended Thermography for Multiple Kos in Go. CG 1998
 * Martin Müller (1998). Computer Go: A Research Agenda. CG 1998
 * Shinichi Sei, Toshiaki Kawashima (1998). Memory-Based Approach in Go-program KATSUNARI. Fujitsu Social Science Laboratory, pdf
 * Morihiko Tajima, Noriaki Sanechika (1998). Estimating the Possible Omission Number for Groups in Go by the Number of n -th Dame. CG 1998
 * Ken Chen, Zhixing Chen (1999). Static Analysis of Life and Death in the Game of Go. Information Sciences, Vol. 121, Nos. 1-2, pdf

2000 ...
2001 2002 2003 2004
 * Thomas Thomsen (2000). Lambda-Search in Game Trees - with Application to Go. CG 2000 also published in ICGA Journal, Vol. 23, No. 4, winning the 2001 ICGA Journal Award, preprint as pdf » Lambda-Search
 * Jan Ramon, Tom Francis, Hendrik Blockeel (2000). Learning a Go Heuristic with Tilde. CG 2000
 * Martin Müller (2000). Review: Computer Go 1984–2000. CG 2000
 * Jay Burmeister (2000). Studies in Human and Computer Go: Assessing the Game of Go as a Research Domain for Cognitive Science. Ph.D. thesis, School of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering and School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Australia, pdf
 * Jay Burmeister, Yasuki Saito, Atsushi Yoshikawa, Janet Wiles (2000) Memory Performance of Master Go Players. in Jaap van den Herik, Hiroyuki Iida (eds.) (2000). Games in AI Research. pp. 271-286
 * Ken Chen (2000). Some Practical Techniques for Global Search in Go. ICGA Journal, Vol. 23, No. 2
 * Kuo-Yuan Kao (2000). Mean and Temperature Search for Go Endgames. Information Sciences, Vol. 122, No. 1
 * Marcel Crâsmaru, John Tromp (2000). Ladders Are PSPACE-Complete. CG 2000
 * Shinichi Sei, Toshiaki Kawashima (2000). A Solution of Go on 4x4 Board by Game Tree Search Program. Fujitsu Social Science Laboratory, Japanese pdf
 * Thomas Wolf (2000). Forward Pruning and Other Heuristic Search Techniques in Tsume Go. Special Issue of Information Sciences, Vol. 122, No. 1, CiteSeerX
 * Bruno Bouzy (2001). Go Patterns Generated by Retrograde Analysis. 6th Computer Olympiad Workshop, pdf
 * Erik van der Werf, Jaap van den Herik (2001). Visual Learning in Go. 6th Computer Olympiad Workshop, pdf
 * Nicol N. Schraudolph, Peter Dayan, Terrence J. Sejnowski (2001). Learning to Evaluate Go Positions via Temporal Difference Methods. in  Norio Baba, Lakhmi C. Jain (eds.) (2001). Computational Intelligence in Games, Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing. Physica-Verlag, revised version of 1994 paper
 * Tristan Cazenave (2001). Generating Patterns with External Conditions for the Game of Go. Advances in Computer Games 9, pdf
 * Jeng-Chi Yan, Shun-Chin Hsu (2001). A Positional Judgment System for computer Go. Advances in Computer Games 9
 * Bruno Bouzy, Tristan Cazenave (2001). Computer Go: an AI-oriented Survey. Artificial Intelligence Journal, Vol. 132, pdf
 * Alex B. Meijer, Henk Koppelaar (2001). A learning architecture for the game of Go. Game-On 2001
 * Alex B. Meijer, Henk Koppelaar (2001). Pursuing abstract goals in the game of Go. BNAIC 2001
 * Ken Chen (2001). Computer Go: Knowledge, Search, and Move Decision. ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 4, pdf
 * Tristan Cazenave (2002). Admissible Moves in Two-Player Games. SARA 2002, pdf
 * Ken Chen (2002). GO4++ wins 19x19 Go tournament. ICGA Journal, Vol. 25, No. 3 » 7th Computer Olympiad
 * Erik van der Werf (2002). GO4++ wins 9x9 Go tournament. ICGA Journal, Vol. 25, No. 3 » 7th Computer Olympiad
 * Erik van der Werf (2002). Solving Ponnuki-Go on Small Boards. 7th Computer Olympiad Workshop
 * Erik van der Werf, Jos Uiterwijk, Jaap van den Herik (2002). Solving Ponnuki-Go on Small Boards. BNAIC’02, pdf
 * Bruno Bouzy (2002). A Small Go Board Study of Metric and Dimensional Evaluation Functions. CG 2002
 * Erik van der Werf, Jos Uiterwijk, Eric Postma, Jaap van den Herik (2002). Local Move Prediction in Go. CG 2002
 * Bill Spight (2002). Evaluating Kos in a Neutral Threat Environment: Preliminary Results. CG 2002
 * Teigo Nakamura, Elwyn Berlekamp (2002). Analysis of Composite Corridors. CG 2002
 * David Fotland (2002). Static Eye in "The Many Faces of Go". ICGA Journal, Vol. 25, No. 4
 * Zhixing Chen (2002). Semi-Empirical Quantitative Theory of Go Part I: Estimation of the Influence of a Wall. ICGA Journal, Vol. 25, No. 4
 * Martin Müller (2002). Position Evaluation in Computer Go. ICGA Journal, Vol. 25, No. 4
 * David Wolfe (2002). Go endgames are PSPACE-hard. in Richard J. Nowakowski (ed) (2002). More Games of No Chance. Cambridge University Press
 * Matthew Pratola, Thomas Wolf (2003). Optimizing GOTOOLS' Search Heuristics using Genetic Algorithms. ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 1, also arXiv:cs/0302002 » Genetic Programming
 * Ken Chen (2003). Soft decomposition search and binary game forest model for move decision in Go, Information Sciences, Vol. 154, Issues 3-4, 157-172, pdf
 * Markus Enzenberger (2003). Evaluation in Go by a Neural Network using Soft Segmentation. Advances in Computer Games 10, pdf
 * Akihiro Kishimoto, Martin Müller. (2003). Df-pn in Go: An Application to the One-Eye Problem. Advances in Computer Games 10, pdf » Proof-Number Search
 * Bruno Bouzy, Bernard Helmstetter (2003). Monte Carlo Go Developments. Advances in Computer Games 10, pdf
 * Bruno Bouzy (2003). Mathematical morphology applied to computer go. IJPRAI Vol. 17, No. 2
 * Bruno Bouzy (2003). The move decision strategy of Indigo. ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 1
 * Ken Chen (2003). The Way to Go is Bottom Up. ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 2
 * Erik van der Werf, Jaap van den Herik, Jos Uiterwijk (2003). Solving Go on Small Boards. ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 2, pdf
 * Ken Chen (2003). GNUGo wins 19x19 Go tournament. ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 4 » 8th Computer Olympiad
 * Erik van der Werf (2003). Aya wins 9x9 Go tournament. ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 4 » 8th Computer Olympiad
 * Alex B. Meijer, Henk Koppelaar (2003). Towards Multi-Objective Game Theory - with Application to Go. Game-On 2003, pdf
 * Bruno Bouzy (2004). Associating Shallow and Selective Global Tree Search with Monte Carlo for 9 × 9 Go. CG 2004
 * Erik van der Werf, Jaap van den Herik, Jos Uiterwijk (2004). Learning to Estimate Potential Territory in the Game of Go. CG 2004, pdf
 * Xiaozhen Niu, Martin Müller (2004). An Improved Safety Solver for Computer Go. CG 2004
 * Jan Ramon, Tom Croonenborghs (2004). Searching for Compound Goals Using Relevancy Zones in the Game of Go. CG 2004
 * David Fotland (2004). Go Intellect wins 19x19 Go tournament. ICGA Journal, Vol. 27, No. 3 » 9th Computer Olympiad
 * Bruno Bouzy (2004). Go Intellect wins 9x9 Go tournament. ICGA Journal, Vol. 27, No. 3 » 9th Computer Olympiad
 * Erik van der Werf (2004). AI techniques for the game of Go. Ph.D. thesis, Universiteit Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands. ISBN 90 5278 445 0, pdf
 * Bruno Bouzy (2004). Toward a go player computational model. Habilitation to Supervise Research document, Paris 6 University

2005 ...
2006 2007 2008 2009
 * Tristan Cazenave, Bernard Helmstetter (2005). Combining tactical search and Monte-Carlo in the game of Go. IEEE CIG 2005, pdf, pdf
 * Tristan Cazenave (2005). The separation game. JCIS 2005, pdf
 * Shi-Jim Yen, Jr-Chang Chen (2005). Handtalk III wins 19x19 Go tournament. ICGA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 3 » 10th Computer Olympiad
 * Shi-Jim Yen, Jeng-Chi Yan (2005). Go Intellect wins 9x9 Go tournament. ICGA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 3 » 10th Computer Olympiad
 * Xiaozhen Niu, Akihiro Kishimoto, Martin Müller (2005). Recognizing Seki in Computer Go. Advances in Computer Games 11
 * Bruno Bouzy (2005). Move-Pruning Techniques for Monte-Carlo Go. Advances in Computer Games 11
 * Bruno Bouzy (2005). Associating domain-dependent knowledge and Monte Carlo approaches within a go program. Information Sciences, Heuristic Search and Computer Game Playing IV
 * Ken Chen, Peigang Zhang (2006). A New Heuristic Search Algorithm for Capturing Problems in Go. CG 2006
 * Xiaozhen Niu, Martin Müller (2006). An Open Boundary Safety-of-Territory Solver for the Game of Go. CG 2006
 * Jahn-Takeshi Saito, Guillaume Chaslot, Jos Uiterwijk, Jaap van den Herik (2006). Monte-Carlo Proof-Number Search for Computer Go. CG 2006
 * Tristan Cazenave (2006). Virtual Global Search: Application to 9×9 Go. CG 2006
 * Rémi Coulom (2006). Efficient Selectivity and Backup Operators in Monte-Carlo Tree Search. CG 2006, pdf
 * John Tromp, Gunnar Farnebäck (2006). Combinatorics of Go. CG 2006
 * Rémi Coulom, Ken Chen (2006). Crazy Stone wins 9x9 Go tournament. ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 2 » 11th Computer Olympiad
 * Rémi Coulom, Ken Chen (2006). Gnu Go wins 19x19 Go tournament. ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 2 » 11th Computer Olympiad
 * Bruno Bouzy (2006). History and Territory Heuristics for Monte-Carlo Go. New Mathematics and Natural Computation
 * Haruhiro Yoshimoto, Kazuki Yoshizoe, Tomoyuki Kaneko, Akihiro Kishimoto, Kenjiro Taura (2006). Monte Carlo Go Has a Way to Go. AAAI 2006, pdf
 * Julio César Hernández-Castro, Ignacio Blasco-López, Juan M. Estevez-Tapiador, Arturo Ribagorda-Garnacho (2006). Steganography in games: A general methodology and its application to the game of Go. Computers & Security, Vol. 25, pdf
 * Kazuki Yoshizoe, Akihiro Kishimoto, Martin Müller (2007). Lambda Depth-First Proof-Number Search and Its Application to Go. 20th IJCAI, pdf » Proof-Number Search
 * David Silver, Richard Sutton, Martin Müller (2007). Reinforcement learning of local shape in the game of Go. 20th IJCAI, pdf
 * Tristan Cazenave (2007). Playing the Right Atari. ICGA Journal, Vol. 30, No. 1, pdf
 * Erik van der Werf (2007). Steenvreter wins 9x9 Go tournament. ICGA Journal, Vol. 30, No. 2 » 12th Computer Olympiad
 * Sylvain Gelly, Yizao Wang (2007). MoGo wins 19x19 Go tournament. ICGA Journal, Vol. 30, No. 2 » 12th Computer Olympiad
 * Ken Chen, Peigang Zhang (2007). Monte-Carlo Go with Knowledge-Guided Simulations. CGW 2007
 * Esa A. Seuranen (2007). Introducing Playing Style to Computer Go. CGW 2007, pdf
 * Thomas Wolf, Lei Shen (2007). Checking Life & Death Problems in Go. I: The Program SCANLD. CGW 2007, pdf
 * Rémi Coulom (2007). Computing Elo Ratings of Move Patterns in the Game of Go. CGW 2007
 * Rémi Coulom (2007). Computing Elo Ratings of Move Patterns in the Game of Go. ICGA Journal, Vol. 30, No. 4, pdf
 * Nobuo Araki, Kazuhiro Yoshida, Yoshimasa Tsuruoka, Jun'ichi Tsujii (2007). Move Prediction in Go with the Maximum Entropy Method. CIG 2007, pdf
 * Feng-hsiung Hsu (2007). Cracking GO. IEEE Spectrum, Vol. 44, No, 10 » Go
 * Ken Chen, Peigang Zhang (2008). Monte-Carlo Go with Knowledge-Guided Simulations. ICGA Journal, Vol. 31, No. 2
 * Tristan Cazenave (2008). Multi-player Go. CG 2008
 * Ling Zhao, Martin Müller (2008). Using Artificial Boundaries in the Game of Go. CG 2008
 * Ken Chen, Dawei Du, Peigang Zhang (2008). A Fast Indexing Method for Monte-Carlo Go. CG 2008
 * Xiaozhen Niu, Martin Müller (2008). An Improved Safety Solver in Go Using Partial Regions. CG 2008
 * Guillaume Chaslot, Jean-Baptiste Hoock, Arpad Rimmel, Olivier Teytaud, Chang-Shing Lee, Mei-Hui Wang, Shang-Rong Tsai, Shun-Chin Hsu (2008). Human-Computer Go Revolution 2008. ICGA Journal, Vol. 31, No. 3
 * Shogo Takeuchi, Tomoyuki Kaneko, Kazunori Yamaguchi (2008). Evaluation of Monte Carlo tree search and the application to Go. CIG 2008
 * Peigang Zhang, Ken Chen (2008). Monte-Carlo Go Capturing Tactic Search. New Mathematics and Natural Computation, Vol. 4, No. 3
 * Ilya Sutskever, Vinod Nair (2008). Mimicking Go Experts with Convolutional Neural Networks. ICANN 2008, pdf
 * Thomas Wolf (2008). Mastering Ladders. Slate & Shell
 * Esa A. Seuranen (2009). Entropy in Go. ICGA Journal, Vol. 32, No. 1
 * Mark Winands (2009). Many Faces of Go wins 9x9 and 19x19 Go tournaments. ICGA Journal, Vol. 32, No. 1 » 13th Computer Olympiad
 * Markus Enzenberger, Martin Müller (2009). Fuego - An Open-source Framework for Board Games and Go Engine Based on Monte-Carlo Tree Search. pdf
 * Martin Müller (2009). Fuego at the Computer Olympiad in Pamplona 2009: A Tournament Report. TR09-09, pdf
 * Rémi Coulom (2009). The Monte-Carlo Revolution in Go. JFFoS'2008: Japanese-French Frontiers of Science Symposium, slides as pdf
 * Chang-Shing Lee, Mei-Hui Wang, Guillaume Chaslot, Jean-Baptiste Hoock, Arpad Rimmel, Olivier Teytaud, Shang-Rong Tsai, Shun-Chin Hsu, Tzung-Pei Hong (2009). The Computational Intelligence of MoGo Revealed in Taiwan's Computer Go Tournaments. pdf
 * Chang-Shing Lee, Mei-Hui Wang, Tzung-Pei Hong, Guillaume Chaslot, Jean-Baptiste Hoock, Arpad Rimmel, Olivier Teytaud, Yau-Hwang Kuo (2009). A Novel Ontology for Computer Go Knowledge Management. IEEE FUZZ (2009), pdf
 * Vincent Berthier, Amine Bourki, Matthieu Coulm, Guillaume Chaslot, Christophe Fiter, Sylvain Gelly, Jean-Baptiste Hoock, Rémi Munos, Julien Pérez, Arpad Rimmel, Philippe Rolet, Olivier Teytaud, Paul Vayssière, Yizao Wang, Ziqin Yu (et al.) (2009). Computer-Go is not only for Go. Korea, August 2009 slides as pdf
 * Ken Chen (2009). Fuego wins 9x9 Go tournaments. ICGA Journal, Vol. 32, No. 2 » 14th Computer Olympiad
 * Ken Chen (2009). Zen wins 19x19 Go tournaments. ICGA Journal, Vol. 32, No. 2 » 14th Computer Olympiad
 * John Tromp, Gunnar Farnebäck (2009). Combinatorics of Go. (revisited version of the CG 2006 paper)
 * Ken Chen, Dawei Du, Peigang Zhang (2009). Monte-Carlo Tree Search and Computer Go. Advances in Information and Intelligent Systems 2009
 * Seth Pellegrino, Andrew Hubbard, Jason Galbraith, Peter D. Drake, Yung-Pin Chen (2009). Localizing Search in Monte-Carlo Go using Statistical Covariance. ICGA Journal, Vol. 32, No. 3
 * Thomas Wolf (2009). A library of eyes in Go, I: A life & death definition consistent with `bent-4. in Michael H. Albert, Richard J. Nowakowski (eds) (2009'). Games of No Chance 3. Cambridge University Press, pdf
 * Thomas Wolf, Matthew Pratola (2009). A library of eyes in Go, II: Monolithic eyes. in Michael H. Albert, Richard J. Nowakowski (eds) (2009). Games of No Chance 3. Cambridge University Press, pdf

2010 ...
2011 2012 2013 2014
 * Frank Karger, Michael Babar (2010). MyGoFriend wins Go 9x9 Tournament. ICGA Journal, Vol. 33, No. 3 » 15th Computer Olympiad
 * Shih-Chieh Huang, Shi-Jim Yen (2010). Many Faces of Go wins Go 13x13 Tournament. ICGA Journal, Vol. 33, No. 3 » 15th Computer Olympiad
 * David Fotland (2010). Erica wins Go 19x19 Tournament. ICGA Journal, Vol. 33, No. 3 » 15th Computer Olympiad
 * Shih-Chieh Huang, Rémi Coulom, Shun-Shii Lin (2010). Monte-Carlo Simulation Balancing applied to 9x9 Go. ICGA Journal, Vol. 33, No. 4
 * Krzysztof Krawiec, Marcin Szubert (2010). Coevolutionary Temporal Difference Learning for small-board Go. IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation
 * Hendrik Baier (2010). Adaptive Playout Policies for Monte-Carlo Go. Master's thesis, University of Osnabrück, pdf
 * Hendrik Baier, Peter D. Drake (2010). The power of forgetting: Improving the last-good-reply policy in Monte Carlo Go. IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games, Vol. 2, No. 4
 * Chang-Shing Lee, Mei-Hui Wang, Shi-Jim Yen, Yu-Jen Chen, Cheng-Wei Chou, Guillaume Chaslot, Jean-Baptiste Hoock, Arpad Rimmel, Hassen Doghmen (2010). An ontology-based fuzzy inference system for computer Go applications. International Journal of Fuzzy Systems, Vol. 12, No. 2, pdf
 * Abdallah Saffidine (2011). Moccos wins the Panthom-Go Tournament. ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 1 » 15th Computer Olympiad
 * Ingo Althöfer (2011). John Tromp in the Style of David Levy: 4-0 win in the Go bet. ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 2 » John Tromp
 * Shih-Chieh Huang, Rémi Coulom, Shun-Shii Lin (2011). Time Management for Monte-Carlo Tree Search Applied to the Game of Go. TAAI 2010, pdf
 * Shih-Chieh Huang (2011). New Heuristics for Monte Carlo Tree Search Applied to the Game of Go. Ph.D. thesis, pdf
 * Hendrik Baier, Mark Winands (2011). Active Opening Book Application for Monte-Carlo Tree Search in 19x19 Go. BNAIC 2011, pdf
 * Petr Baudiš, Jean-Loup Gailly (2011). Pachi: State of the Art Open Source Go Program. Advances in Computer Games 13
 * Hendrik Baier, Mark Winands (2011). Time Management for Monte-Carlo Tree Search in Go. Advances in Computer Games 13
 * Cheng-Wei Chou, Ping-Chiang Chou, Hassen Doghmen, Chang-Shing Lee, Tsan-Cheng Su, Fabien Teytaud, Olivier Teytaud, Hui-Ming Wang, Mei-Hui Wang, Li-Wen Wu, Shi-Jim Yen (2011). Towards a Solution of 7x7 Go with Meta-MCTS. Advances in Computer Games 13
 * Henry Brausen, Ryan B. Hayward, Martin Müller, Abdul Qadir, David Spies (2011). Blunder Cost in Go and Hex. Advances in Computer Games 13
 * Jiao Wang, Shiyuan Li, Jitong Chen, Xin Wei, Huizhan Lv, Xinhe Xu (2011). 4*4-Pattern and Bayesian Learning in Monte-Carlo Go. Advances in Computer Games 13
 * Sylvain Gelly, David Silver (2011). Monte-Carlo tree search and rapid action value estimation in computer Go. Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 175, No. 11
 * Łukasz Lew (2011). Modeling Go Game as a Large Decomposable Decision Process. Ph.D. thesis, University of Warsaw
 * Krzysztof Krawiec, Wojciech Jaśkowski, Marcin Szubert (2011). Evolving small-board Go players using Coevolutionary Temporal Difference Learning with Archives. Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Vol. 21, No. 4
 * Thomas Wolf (2011). A Dynamical Systems Approach for Static Evaluation in Go. IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games, Vol. 3, No 2, also arXiv:1108.4220
 * Sylvain Gelly, Marc Schoenauer, Michèle Sebag, Olivier Teytaud, Levente Kocsis, David Silver, Csaba Szepesvári (2012). The Grand Challenge of Computer Go: Monte Carlo Tree Search and Extensions. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 55, No. 3, pdf preprint
 * Chang-Shing Lee, Mei-Hui Wang, Olivier Teytaud, Shi-Jim Yen (2012). Human vs. Machine Go Competitions in IEEE WCCI 2012. ICGA Journal, Vol. 35, No. 4
 * Ching-Nung Lin, Shi-Jim Yen (2012). The Computer Go Tournaments in TCGA 2012. ICGA Journal, Vol. 35, No. 4
 * Ping-Chiang Chou, Shi-Jim Yen, Cheng-Wei Chou, Ching-Nung Lin, Chang-Shing Lee, Olivier Teytaud, Hassen Doghmen (2012). A simple Tsumego Generator. GPW 2012
 * Cheng-Wei Chou, Ching-Nung Lin, Shi-Jim Yen, Hideki Kato, Jr-Chang Chen (2013). The 6th GPW Cup 9x9 and 13x13 Computer Go Tournaments. ICGA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 1
 * Ching-Nung Lin, Shi-Jim Yen (2013). The TAAI 2012 Computer Go Tournaments and Human vs. Computer Go Competition. ICGA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 1
 * Mark Boon (2013). The Beginning of Computer-Go Programs. ICGA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 2
 * Kokolo Ikeda, Simon Viennot (2013). Production of various strategies and position control for Monte-Carlo Go - Entertaining human players. CIG 2013
 * Shih-Chieh Huang, Martin Müller (2013). Investigating the Limits of Monte Carlo Tree Search Methods in Computer Go. CG 2013
 * Tobias Graf, Lars Schaefers, Marco Platzner (2013). On Semeai Detection in Monte-Carlo Go. CG 2013, pdf
 * Sumudo Fernando, Martin Müller (2013). Analyzing Simulations in Monte-Carlo Tree Search for the Game of Go. CG 2013
 * David Silver, Richard Sutton, Martin Mueller (2013). Temporal-Difference Search in Computer Go. Proceedings of the ICAPS-13 Workshop on Planning and Learning, pdf
 * Katja Grace (2013). Algorithmic Progress in Six Domains. Technical report 2013-3, Machine Intelligence Research Institute, Berkeley, CA, pdf, 5 Game Playing, 5.1 Chess, 5.2 Go, 9 Machine Learning
 * Chun-Hsiang Hsieh, Jeng-Chi Yan (2013). The Design and Development of a 9 by 9 GO Opening Game Knowledge Base System. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, Vol. 3, No. 4
 * Lars Schaefers (2014). Parallel Monte-Carlo Tree Search for HPC Systems and its Application to Computer Go. Ph.D. thesis, Paderborn University, advisors Marco Platzner, Ulf Lorenz, pdf, pdf
 * S. Ali Mirsoleimani, Aske Plaat, Jaap van den Herik, Jos Vermaseren (2014). Performance analysis of a 240 thread tournament level MCTS Go program on the Intel Xeon Phi. CoRR abs/1409.4297 » MCTS, Parallel Search, x86-64
 * Christopher Clark, Amos Storkey (2014). Teaching Deep Convolutional Neural Networks to Play Go. arXiv:1412.3409 » DCNN in Go
 * Chris J. Maddison, Aja Huang, Ilya Sutskever, David Silver (2014). Move Evaluation in Go Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks. arXiv:1412.6564v1 » DCNN in Go
 * Ingo Althöfer, Raymond Georg Snatzke (2014). The codecentric Go Challenge 2014: Franz-Josef Dickhut vs. CRAZY STONE. ICGA Journal, Vol. 37, No. 4

2015 ...
2016 2017
 * Olivier Teytaud, Abdallah Saffidine, Shi-Jim Yen (2015). The complexities of Go. Advances in Computer Games 14
 * Kokolo Ikeda, Takanari Shishido, Simon Viennot (2015). Machine-Learning of Shape Names for the Game of Go. Advances in Computer Games 14
 * Yuandong Tian, Yan Zhu (2015). Better Computer Go Player with Neural Network and Long-term Prediction. arXiv:1511.06410 » Neural Networks
 * Thomas Wolf (2015). A Classification of Semeai with Approach Moves. ICGA Journal, Vol. 38, No. 4, arXiv:1608.02890
 * Peter H. Jin, Kurt Keutzer (2015). Convolutional Monte Carlo Rollouts in Go. arXiv:1512.03375
 * Lars Schaefers, Marco Platzner (2015). Distributed Monte Carlo Tree Search: A Novel Technique and its Application to Computer Go. IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games, Vol. 7, No. 4
 * David Silver, Aja Huang, Chris J. Maddison, Arthur Guez, Laurent Sifre, George van den Driessche, Julian Schrittwieser, Ioannis Antonoglou, Veda Panneershelvam, Marc Lanctot, Sander Dieleman, Dominik Grewe, John Nham, Nal Kalchbrenner, Ilya Sutskever, Timothy Lillicrap, Madeleine Leach, Koray Kavukcuoglu, Thore Graepel, Demis Hassabis (2016). Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search. Nature, Vol. 529 » AlphaGo
 * Tobias Graf, Marco Platzner (2016). Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks in Monte Carlo Tree Search. CG 2016
 * John Tromp (2016). The number of legal Go positions. CG 2016
 * John Tromp, Matthieu Walraet (2016). A googolplex of Go games. CG 2016
 * Aja Huang (2016). AlphaGo: Combining Deep Neural Networks with Tree Search. CG 2016, Keynote Lecture
 * Ingo Althöfer (2016). Computer-Aided Go: Chess as a Role Model. CG 2016
 * Peter H. Jin, Kurt Keutzer (2016). Convolutional Monte Carlo Rollouts for Computer Go. CG 2016
 * Chang-Shing Lee, Mei-Hui Wang, Shi-Jim Yen, Ting-Han Wei, I-Chen Wu, Ping-Chiang Chou, Chun-Hsun Chou, Ming-Wan Wang, Tai-Hsiung Yang (2016). Human vs. Computer Go: Review and Prospect. arXiv:1606.02032
 * Jonathan Rosenthal (2016). Deep Learning for Go. B.Sc. thesis, ETH Zurich
 * Tristan Cazenave (2017). Residual Networks for Computer Go. IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games, Vol. PP, No. 99, pdf
 * Ti-Rong Wu, I-Chen Wu, Guan-Wun Chen, Ting-Han Wei, Tung-Yi Lai, Hung-Chun Wu, Li-Cheng Lan (2017). Multi-Labelled Value Networks for Computer Go. arXiv:1705.10701
 * Tristan Cazenave (2017). Improved Policy Networks for Computer Go. Advances in Computer Games 15, pdf
 * Thomas Wolf (2017). Seki with 2 Liberties per Chain in the Game of Go. ICGA Journal, Vol. 39, No. 2
 * Jon Diamond (2017). A History of Go-playing Programs. ICGA Journal, Vol. 39, No. 2
 * David Silver, Julian Schrittwieser, Karen Simonyan, Ioannis Antonoglou, Aja Huang, Arthur Guez, Thomas Hubert, Lucas Baker, Matthew Lai, Adrian Bolton, Yutian Chen, Timothy Lillicrap, Fan Hui, Laurent Sifre, George van den Driessche, Thore Graepel, Demis Hassabis (2017). Mastering the game of Go without human knowledge. Nature, Vol. 550, pdf
 * David Silver, Thomas Hubert, Julian Schrittwieser, Ioannis Antonoglou, Matthew Lai, Arthur Guez, Marc Lanctot, Laurent Sifre, Dharshan Kumaran, Thore Graepel, Timothy Lillicrap, Karen Simonyan, Demis Hassabis (2017). Mastering Chess and Shogi by Self-Play with a General Reinforcement Learning Algorithm. arXiv:1712.01815 » AlphaZero

=Forum Posts=

2005 ...

 * Ongoing GO programming? by Shivkumar Shivaji, CCC, October 25, 2007
 * A thought about ratings by Dave Dyer, Computer Go Archive, December 10, 2007 » Playing Strength
 * Re: A thought about ratings by Don Dailey, Computer Go Archive, December 10, 2007
 * Re: A thought about ratings by Edward de Grijs, Computer Go Archive, December 10, 2007
 * Re: A thought about ratings by Don Dailey, Computer Go Archive, December 10, 2007

2010 ...

 * [Computer-go learning patterns for mc go] by Hendrik Baier, Computer Go Archive, April 26, 2010
 * WinBoard, exotic version by Harm Geert Muller, CCC, January 15, 2011 » WinBoard
 * Go questions by Kai Laskos, CCC, February 13, 2012
 * Wired Article on Computer GO by Edmund Moshammer, CCC, May 13, 2014
 * How many chess programmers are turning to Go? by Eelco de Groot, CCC, August 12, 2014
 * Teaching Deep Convolutional Neural Networks to Play Go by Hiroshi Yamashita, The Computer-go Archives, December 14, 2014 » DCNN in Go
 * Teaching Deep Convolutional Neural Networks to Play Go by Michel Van den Bergh, CCC, December 16, 2014
 * Move Evaluation in Go Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks by Aja Huang, The Computer-go Archives, December 19, 2014 » DCNN in Go

2015 ...
2017 2018
 * Number of Go positions computed at last by John Tromp, The Computer-go Archives, January 22, 2016
 * Go has fallen to computer domination? by Isaac Haïk Dunn, CCC, January 27, 2016 » AlphaGo
 * Computer Go at master level? by Nicu Ionita, CCC, January 27, 2016
 * Game Over by Rémi Coulom, The Computer-go Archives, January 27, 2016 » AlphaGo
 * Mastering the Game of Go with Deep Neural Networks and Tree Search by Aja Huang, The Computer-go Archives, January 27, 2016
 * AlphaGo by Alvaro, Game-AI Forum, January 29, 2016 » AlphaGo
 * longest 3x3 game by John Tromp, Computer Go Archive, February 18, 2016
 * Deep Zen Go - A new Zen to counter AlphaGo by pookpooi, Computer Go, February 29, 2016
 * Lee Sedol vs. AlphaGo [link to live feed] by Jesse Gersenson, CCC, March 07, 2016
 * AlphaGo won first game! by Hiroshi Yamashita, The Computer-go Archives, March 09, 2016
 * Congratulations to AlphaGo by Lukas van de Wiel, The Computer-go Archives, March 12, 2016
 * UEC cup 1st day result by Hiroshi Yamashita, Computer Go Archive, March 19, 2016
 * Animation : Ratings of go players since 1974 ! by Vincent Lejeune, CCC, March 20, 2016
 * World #1 Go Player Ke Jie accepts Google Alpha Go Match.. by AA Ross, CCC, June 07, 2016 » ... Re: World #1 ...
 * The scaling of Deep Learning MCTS Go engines by Kai Laskos, CCC, October 23, 2016 » Deep Learning, Go, MCTS
 * mini-max with Policy and Value network by Hiroshi Yamashita, Computer Go Archive, May 20, 2017
 * Re: World #1 Go Player Ke Jie accepts Google Alpha Go Match. by Kai Laskos, CCC, May 22, 2017 » The Future of Go Summit
 * Neural nets for Go - chain pooling? by David Wu, Computer Go Archive, August 18, 2017
 * We are doomed - AlphaGo Zero, learning only from basic rules by Vincent Lejeune, CCC, October 18, 2017
 * AlphaGo Zero by Alberto Sanjuan, CCC, October 19, 2017
 * Zero performance by Gian-Carlo Pascutto, Computer Go Archive, October 20, 2017
 * Re: AlphaGo Zero by Hendrik Baier, Computer Go Archive, October 20, 2017
 * AlphaGo's evaluation function by Jens Kipper, CCC, November 26, 2017
 * Breakthrough: FineArt beating Ke Jie with 2 Handicap Stones by Ingo Althöfer, Computer Go Archive, January 20, 2018 » Fine Art

=External Links=
 * ICGA: Go by Martin Müller
 * Go (game) from Wikipedia
 * Computer Go from Wikipedia
 * History of Go-playing Programs | British Go Association
 * Go and mathematics from Wikipedia
 * Ing Chang-ki from Wikipedia

Tournaments

 * World Computer Go Championships
 * Go (ICGA Tournaments)
 * Computer Go UEC Cup from Wikipedia
 * The Tenth Computer Go UEC Cup

Computer Go Archives

 * Computer Go Archive
 * The Computer-go Archives
 * The Official Page for Computer Go Forum
 * Google Groups - Computer Go Archive
 * computer-go.info
 * Program database - Program list
 * Program database - Programmer list
 * Computer Go - Past Events - Acorn 1984 » BBC Micro
 * 1998 Ing Computer Goe Cup - Stories
 * Human-Computer Go Challenges

Computer Go Pages

 * Sensei's Library: Starting Points
 * Go Servers at Sensei's Library


 * John's Go Page by John Tromp
 * Counting Legal Positions in Go by John Tromp, January 20, 2016


 * Computer Go Research by Martin Müller
 * SmartGo Blog by Anders Kierulf

Open Source

 * GitHub - gcp/leela-zero: Go engine with no human-provided knowledge, modeled after the AlphaGo Zero paper by Gian-Carlo Pascutto et al.
 * skybrian/Gongo - GitHub, a Go program, written in Go by Brian Slesinsky

Misc

 * Go Variants
 * GTP - Go Text Protocol
 * The Mystery of Go, the Ancient Game That Computers Still Can’t Win by Alan Levinovitz, Wired, May 12, 2014 » Rémi Coulom
 * AIs Have Mastered Chess. Will Go Be Next? by Jonathan Schaeffer, Martin Müller & Akihiro Kishimoto, IEEE Spectrum, June 25, 2014
 * Facebook trains AI to beat humans at Go board game by Leo Kelion, BBC News, January 27, 2016

Go Challenge

 * codecentric go challenge

AlphaGo

 * AlphaGo from Wikipedia
 * DeepMind - YouTube Channel
 * Game Over? AlphaGo Beats Pro 5-0 in Major AI Advance « American Go E-Journal, January 27, 2016 » AlphaGo
 * Google’s AlphaGo Beats Professional Go Player by Anders Kierulf, SmartGo Blog, January 27, 2016
 * Computer Beats Go Champion for the First Time by Annie Sneed, Scientific American, January 27, 2016
 * Artificial Intelligence Just Mastered Go, But One Game Still Gives AI Trouble by Carl Engelking, The Crux, January 27, 2016 » Poker, Jonathan Schaeffer, Bart Selman
 * Official Google Blog: AlphaGo: using machine learning to master the ancient game of Go by Demis Hassabis, January 27, 2016
 * AlphaGo | Google DeepMind » AlphaGo
 * The computer that mastered Go, with Demis Hassabis and David Silver, YouTube Video


 * Google DeepMind: Ground-breaking AlphaGo masters the game of Go, YouTube Video


 * Match: Lee Sedol vs AlphaGo, Photo Report by Ingo Althöfer, March 09, 2016
 * Google’s AI beats world Go champion in first of five matches, BBC News, March 09, 2016
 * Google AI wins second Go game against world champion, BBC News, March 10, 2016
 * Computer beating top human Go professional by Frederic Friedel, ChessBase News, March 10, 2016
 * Artificial intelligence: Google's AlphaGo beats Go master Lee Se-dol, BBC News, March 12, 2016
 * AlphaGo vs Lee Sedol: history in the making by Albert Silver, ChessBase News, March 13, 2016
 * Artificial intelligence: Go master Lee Se-dol wins against AlphaGo program, BBC News, March 13, 2016
 * Google's AI wins final Go challenge, BBC News, March 15, 2016
 * What Google’s winning Go algorithm will do next by Elizabeth Gibney, Nature | News, March 15, 2016
 * Exploring the mysteries of Go with AlphaGo and China's top players by Demis Hassabis, DeepMind, April 10, 2017
 * The Future of Go Summit, May 23 - 27, Wuzhen, China
 * Google's Go-playing AI still undefeated with victory over world number one by Alex Hern, The Guardian, May 25, 2017
 * Google’s AlphaGo Continues Dominance With Second Win in China by Cade Metz, Wired, May 25, 2017
 * Google’s AlphaGo Trounces Humans—But It Also Gives Them a Boost by Cade Metz, Wired, May 26, 2017
 * AlphaGo’s Designers Explore New AI After Winning Big in China by Cade Metz, Wired, May 27, 2017
 * AlphaGo's next move by Demis Hassabis and David Silver, DeepMind, May 27, 2017
 * AlphaGo Zero: Learning from scratch by Demis Hassabis and David Silver, DeepMind, October 18, 2017

Fine Art

 * Fine Art (software) from Wikipedia
 * Two stones! Fine Art defeated Ke Jie 9P after giving two stones handicap. – Website of The International Go Federation, January 19, 2018 » Fine Art
 * 7% Documentary: Behind the scenes of Fine Art AI - 纪录片《7%》：揭秘人工智能“绝艺”夺冠幕后 腾讯网 - English subtitles, YouTube Video
 * featuring Fine Art team Liu Yongsheng, Ma Bo, Tang Shanmin, Wu Guangyu and Zhang Kaixu
 * further Rémi Coulom, Simon Viennot, I-Chen Wu, Hideki Kato, David Fotland, Shun-Chin Hsu et al. at the Computer Go UEC Cup 2017

=References=

Up one Level