Retrograde Analysis

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Retrograde Analysis, a method in game theory to solve game positions for optimal play by backward induction from known outcomes. A sub-genre of solving certain chess problems uses retrograde analysis to determine which moves were played to reach a position, and for the proof game whether a position is legal in the sense that it could be reached by a series of legal moves from the initial position. =History= History based on Lewis Stiller, Multilinear Algebra and Chess Endgames The mathematical justification for the retrograde analysis algorithm was already implicit in the 1912 paper of Ernst Zermelo. Additional theoretical work was done by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern. The contemporary dynamic programming methodology, which defines the field of retrograde endgame analysis, was discovered by Richard E. Bellman in 1965. Bellman had considered game theory from a classical perspective as well, but his work came to fruition in his 1965 paper, where he observed that the entire state-space could be stored and that dynamic programming techniques could then be used to compute whether either side could win any position.

Bellman also sketched how a combination of forward search, dynamic programming, and heuristic evaluation could be used to solve much larger state spaces than could be tackled by either technique alone. He predicted that Checkers could be solved by his techniques, and the utility of his algorithms for solving very large state spaces has been validated by Jonathan Schaeffer et al. in the domain of Checkers, Ralph Gasser in the domain of Nine Men’s Morris , and John Romein with Henri Bal in the domain of Awari. The first retrograde analysis implementation was due to Thomas Ströhlein, whose important 1970 dissertation described the solution of several pawnless 4-piece endgames. =Algorithm= Retrograde analysis is the basic algorithm to construct Endgame Tablebases. A bijective function is used to map chess positions to Gödel numbers which index a database of bitmaps during construction and retrieval, in its simplest form based on a multi-dimensional array index. Following description is based on Ken Thompson's paper Retrograde Analysis of Certain Endgames with depth to mate (DTM) metric, and assumes White the winning side. Files of sets of chess positions, where a one-bit is associated with the Gödel number of a position, are successively manipulated during the iterative generation process:
 * B i set of the latest newly found Black-to-move and lose in i moves positions
 * W i set of the latest newly found White-to-move and win in i moves positions
 * B set of all currently known Black-to-move and lose positions, union of all B i so far
 * W set of all currently known White-to-move and win positions, union of all W i so far
 * J i is temporary superset of B i not necessarily lose positions

The algorithm starts in enumerating all Black-to-move checkmate positions B 0 with the material configuration under consideration, an un-move generator is used to to build predecessor or parent positions. The un-move generation is similar to move generation, with the difference that it is illegal to start in check, but legal to un-move into check, and illegal to capture, but legal to un-capture by leaving an opponent piece behind.

for (i=0; B i ; i++)
 * 1) Every parent of a B i position is a White-to-move won position - newly-won positions W i+1 are parents of a B i not (yet) in W
 * 2) W i+1 becomes subset of W
 * 3) Every parent of a W i+1 position is a Black-to-move and lose position if Black wanted to mate himself, stored in J i+1
 * 4) Only if all successors (by generating and making legal moves ) of a J i+1 position are member of W, the J i+1 position becomes member of B i+1 and B

The algorithm terminates, if no more newly predecessor positions were found, that is either W i+1 or B i+1 stay empty. Each one-bit in W or B correspondents to a White-to-move and won or Black-to-move and lose position. Remaining zero bits indicate either a draw, White-to-move and lose, Black-to-move and won, or illegal positions.

=See also=
 * Chess Problems, Compositions and Studies
 * Chess Problem Solving Engines
 * Corresponding Squares
 * Dynamic Programming
 * Endgame Bitbases
 * Endgame Tablebases
 * Oracle
 * Transposition | Retrograde Analysis

=Selected Publications=

1910 ...

 * Ernst Zermelo (1913). Über eine Anwendung der Mengenlehre auf die Theorie des Schachspiels Proc. Fifth Congress Mathematicians, (Cambridge 1912), Cambridge Univ. Press 1913, 501–504. Translation: On an Application of Set Theory to the Theory of the Game of Chess.

1920 ...

 * Dénes Kőnig (1927). Über eine Schlussweise aus dem Endlichen ins Unendliche. Acta Scientiarum Mathematicarum (University of Szeged)

1940 ...

 * John von Neumann, Oskar Morgenstern (1944). Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ

1960 ...

 * Richard E. Bellman (1965). On the Application of Dynamic Programming to the Determination of Optimal Play in Chess and Checkers. PNAS
 * Vladimir E. Alekseev (1969). Compilation of Chess Problems on a Computer. Technical translation FSTC-HT-23-124-69, US Army, NTIS AD 689470 (Problemy Kibernetiki, 19, 1967)

1970 ...

 * Thomas Ströhlein (1970). Untersuchungen über kombinatorische Spiele. Ph.D. Thesis, Technical University of Munich (German)
 * Edward Komissarchik, Aaron L. Futer (1974). Ob Analize Ferzevogo Endshpilya pri Pomoshchi EVM. (Analysis of a queen endgame using an IBM computer) Problemy Kybernetiki, Vol. 29, pp. 211-220. English translation by Christian Posthoff, revised in ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 4 (1986)
 * A. G. Alexandrov, A. M. Baraev, Ya. Yu. Gol'fand, Edward Komissarchik, Aaron L. Futer (1977). Computer analysis of rook end game. Avtomatika i Telemekhanika, No. 8, 113–117
 * Thomas Ströhlein, Ludwig Zagler (1977). Analyzing games by Boolean matrix iteration. Discrete Mathematics, Vol. 19, No. 2
 * Thomas Ströhlein, Ludwig Zagler (1978). Ergebnisse einer vollstandigen Analyse von Schachendspielen: König und Turm gegen König, König und Turm gegen König und Läufer. Report, Institut für Informatik, Technical University of Munich (German)
 * Aaron L. Futer (1978). Programming endgames with few pieces. Soviet Physics. Doklady, No. 23
 * Vladimir Arlazarov, Aaron L. Futer (1979). Computer Analysis of a Rook End-Game. Machine Intelligence 9 (eds. Jean Hayes Michie, Donald Michie and L.I. Mikulich), pp. 361-371. Ellis Horwood, Chichester. Reprinted in Computer Chess Compendium
 * Raymond Smullyan (1979). The Chess Mysteries of Sherlock Holmes. Alfred A. Knopf, New York

1980 ...

 * Raymond Smullyan (1981). The Chess Mysteries of the Arabian Knights. Alfred A. Knopf, New York
 * Max Bramer, B. E. P. Alden (1982). A Program for Solving Retrograde Analysis Chess Problems. Advances in Computer Chess 3
 * Ken Thompson (1986). Retrograde Analysis of Certain Endgames. ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 3, pdf
 * Edward Komissarchik, Aaron L. Futer (1986). Computer Analysis of a Queen Endgame. ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 4
 * Lewis Stiller (1988). Massively Parallel Retrograde Endgame Analysis. BUCS Tech. Report #88-014, Boston University, Computer Science Department.
 * B. E. P. Alden, Max Bramer (1988). An Expert System for Solving Retrograde-Analysis Chess Problems. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 29, No. 2
 * Michael Schlosser (1988). Computers and Chess-Problem Composition. ICCA Journal, Vol. 11, No. 4
 * David Forthoffer, Lars Rasmussen, Sito Dekker (1989). A Correction to some KRKB-Database Results. ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 1
 * Ingo Althöfer (1989). Retrograde Analysis and two Computerizable Definitions of the Quality of Chess Games. ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 2

1990 ...

 * László Lindner, Michael Schlosser (1991). New Ideas in Problem Solving and Composing Programs. Advances in Computer Chess 6
 * Michael Schlosser (1991). Can a Computer Compose Chess Problems? Advances in Computer Chess 6
 * Lewis Stiller (1991). Some Results from a Massively Parallel Retrograde Analysis. ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3
 * Ralph Gasser (1991). Applying Retrograde Analysis to Nine Men’s Morris. Heuristic Programming in AI 2
 * Robert Lake, Jonathan Schaeffer, Paul Lu (1993). Solving Large Retrograde Analysis Problems Using a Network of Workstations. Technical Report, TR93-13, ps
 * Robert Lake, Jonathan Schaeffer, Paul Lu (1994). Solving Large Retrograde Analysis Problems Using a Network of Workstations. Advances in Computer Chess 7
 * Henri Bal, Victor Allis (1995). Parallel Retrograde Analysis on a Distributed System. Supercomputing ’95, San Diego, CA.
 * Lewis Stiller (1996). Multilinear Algebra and Chess Endgames. Games of No Chance edited by Richard J. Nowakowski, pdf
 * Dietmar Lippold (1996). Legality of Positions of Simple Chess Endgames. zipped pdf
 * Dietmar Lippold (1997). The Legitimacy of Positions in Endgame Databases. ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 1
 * Hiroyuki Iida, Jin Yoshimura, Kazuro Morita, Jos Uiterwijk (1998). Retrograde Analysis of the KGK Endgame in Shogi: Its Implications for Ancient Heian Shogi. CG 1998
 * Christoph Wirth, Jürg Nievergelt (1999). Exhaustive and Heuristic Retrograde Analysis of the KPPKP Endgame. ICCA Journal, Vol. 22, No. 2

2000 ...

 * Roel van der Goot (2000). Awari Retrograde Analysis. CG 2000
 * Haw-ren Fang, Tsan-sheng Hsu, Shun-chin Hsu (2000). Construction of Chinese Chess Endgame Databases by Retrograde Analysis. CG 2000
 * Bruno Bouzy (2001). Go Patterns Generated by Retrograde Analysis. 6th Computer Olympiad Workshop, pdf
 * Ren Wu, Don Beal (2001). Fast, Memory-efficient Retrograde Algorithms. ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 3
 * Ren Wu, Don Beal (2001). Parallel Retrograde Analysis on Different Architectures. IEEE 10th Conference in High Performance Distributed Computing pp. 356-362, August 2001
 * Haw-ren Fang, Tsan-sheng Hsu, and Shun-Chin Hsu (2001). Construction of Chinese Chess Endgame Databases by Retrograde Analysis. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2063: CG 2000
 * Ren Wu, Don Beal (2002). A memory efficient retrograde algorithm and its application to solve Chinese Chess endgames. More Games of No Chance edited by Richard J. Nowakowski
 * Thomas Lincke (2002). Exploring the Computational Limits of Large Exhaustive Search Problems. Ph.D thesis, ETH Zurich, pdf
 * John Romein, Henri Bal (2003). Solving the Game of Awari using Parallel Retrograde Analysis. IEEE Computer, Vol. 36, No. 10, pp. 26–33
 * Ping-hsun Wu, Ping-Yi Liu, Tsan-sheng Hsu (2004). An External-Memory Retrograde Analysis Algorithm. CG 2004

2005 ...

 * Jesper Torp Kristensen (2005). Generation and compression of endgame tables in chess with fast random access using OBDDs. Master thesis, Supervisor Peter Bro Miltersen, Aarhus University, pdf
 * James Glenn, Haw-ren Fang, Clyde Kruskal (2006). A Retrograde Approximation Algorithm for One-Player Can’t Stop. CG 2006
 * James Glenn, Haw-ren Fang, Clyde Kruskal (2007). A Retrograde Approximation Algorithm for Two-Player Can't Stop. CGW 2007, pdf
 * Haw-ren Fang, James Glenn, Clyde Kruskal (2008). Retrograde approximation algorithms for Jeopardy stochastic games. ICGA Journal, Vol. 31, No. 2, pdf
 * Noam D. Elkies, Richard P. Stanley (2008). Chess and Mathematics. excerpt, 6 Retrograde Analysis, pdf
 * Marko Maliković (2008). Developing Heuristics for Solving Retrograde Chess Problems. Seminar on Formal Methods and Applications, Varaždin, Croatia
 * Dan Heisman (2009). Steinitz, Zermelo, and Elkies. pdf from ChessCafe.com, on Wilhelm Steinitz, Ernst Zermelo and Noam Elkies

2010 ...

 * Victor Zakharov, Vladimir Makhnychev (2010). A Retroanalysis Algorithm for Supercomputer Systems on the Example of Playing Chess. Software Systems and Tools, Vol. 11 (Russian)
 * Ping-hsun Wu, Ping-yi Liu, Tsan-sheng Hsu (2010). An External-memory Retrograde Analysis Algorithm. slides as pdf
 * Paolo Ciancarini, Gian Piero Favini (2010). Retrograde analysis of Kriegspiel endgames. IEEE Conf. on Computational Intelligence and Games, Copenhagen.
 * Marko Maliković, Mirko Čubrilo (2010). What Were the Last Moves? International Review on Computers and Software
 * Marko Maliković, Mirko Čubrilo (2010). Solving Shortest Proof Games by Generating Trajectories using Coq Proof Management System. Proceedings of 21st Central European Conference on Information and Intelligent Systems, Varaždin, Croatia
 * Marko Maliković (2011). Automated Reasoning about Retrograde Chess Problems using Coq. Fourth Workshop on Formal and Automated Theorem Proving and Applications, Belgrade, Serbia, slides as pdf
 * Jan van Rijn, Jonathan K. Vis (2013). Complexity and Retrograde Analysis of the Game Dou Shou Qi. BNAIC 2013
 * Jan van Rijn, Jonathan K. Vis (2014). Endgame Analysis of Dou Shou Qi. ICGA Journal, Vol. 37, No. 2, pdf

2015 ...

 * Michael Hartisch (2015). Impact of Rounding during Retrograde Analysis for a Game with Chance Nodes: Karl’s Race as a Test Case. ICGA Journal, Vol. 38, No. 2 » Games, EinStein würfelt nicht!
 * Michael Hartisch, Ingo Althöfer (2015). Optimal Robot Play in Certain Chess Endgame Situations. ICGA Journal, Vol. 38, No. 3

=Forum Posts=

1995 ...

 * retrograde analysis by Stefan Schroedl, rgcc, August 15, 1995

2000 ...

 * reverse engineering by NoKetch, rgcc, June 16, 2000
 * EGTB: Better algorithm by Urban Koistinen, CCC, April 07, 2001
 * Re: How endgame tablebases work by Bruce Moreland, rgcc, July 19, 2001
 * Generating egtbs ICGAJ by Tony Werten, CCC, December 04, 2001
 * Wu/Beal predates Koistinen by Guy Haworth, CCC, December 04, 2001


 * Question about retrograde analysis algorithm for endgame databases by mathpolymath, rec.games.abstract, April 24, 2002

2005 ...

 * Wu / Beal retrograde analisys algorithm by Alvaro Jose Povoa Cardoso, Winboard Forum, March 10, 2007
 * Could this program be written? by Steven Edwards, CCC, August 24, 2008
 * Retrograde analysis by Geolm, CCC, November 04, 2008

2010 ...

 * Retrograde tablebase methods by BB+, OpenChess Forum, November 26, 2010
 * Reverse move generation by Kostas Oreopoulos, December 30, 2014 » Move Generation
 * Re: Reverse move generation by Harm Geert Muller, December 30, 2014

2015 ...

 * Position Legally Reachable? by Mark Lefler, CCC, March 21, 2017

=External Links=

Retrograde Analysis

 * Retrograde analysis from Wikipedia
 * Leapfrog: Retrograde Analysis from Leapfrog tablebase generator by Harm Geert Muller
 * Computing endgames with few men by Urban Koistinen
 * The Retrograde Analysis Corner
 * Jewish Chess History: Prime Ministers and Retrograde Analysis
 * Non-Chess Retrograde Analysis « Joe Kisenwether's Blog
 * Attempt of a Retrograde Computation of Age by Werner DePauli-Schimanovich

Programs

 * Euclide 1.11 - Home by Étienne Dupuis » Euclide
 * Freezerchess.com - Endgame Analysis beyond Databases by Eiko Bleicher » Freezer
 * Natch - Checking proof games by Pascal Wassong » Natch
 * Retractor a program for Retrograde Analysis chess problems by Chad Whipkey and Theodore Hwa » Retractor

Induction

 * Inductive reasoning from Wikipedia
 * Backward induction from Wikipedia
 * Backward chaining from Wikipedia

Retrograde

 * Retrograde (disambiguation) from Wikipedia
 * Retrograde motion from Wikipedia
 * Apparent retrograde motion from Wikipedia


 * Retrograde (music) from Wikipedia
 * Darryl Reeves - The Mercury Sessions - Retrograde, July 22, 2011 - Churchill Grounds - Atlanta, GA, YouTube Video
 * Darryl Reeves, Kenny Banks, Joel Powell, Kenton "Boom" Bostick

Analysis

 * Analysis from Wikipedia
 * Analysis (disambiguation) from Wikipedia

=References=

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