Graphics Programming

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Graphics Programming in computer chess is essentially about drawing chess positions or diagrams within a user interface to give users a visual feedback of the game state, while interacting with the program.

=Visualization= =Pseudo Graphics=
 * 2D Graphics Board
 * 3D Graphics Board

ASCII Diagrams
ASCII Diagrams on teleprinters were already used by early programs, such as The Bernstein Chess Program, and are still appropriate today for a rudimentary text oriented command line user interface, to display a position on a terminal with monospaced ASCII characters. One may further store the characters inside "human readable" ASCII files for logging- or debugging purposes. Several proposals to display an ASCII board were made in CCC. Ernst A. Heinz came up with the left one, Reinhard Scharnagl proposed the right one with the remarks below : kqKQ - ++      +-*--b--c--d--*--f--g--*-+ 8 |*R *N:*B *Q:*K *B:*N *R:|    8 |[r][n][b][q][k][b][n][r]| 7 |*P:*P *P:*P *P:*P *P:*P |    7 |[p][p][p][p][p][p][p][p]| 6 |  :::   :::   :::   :::|     6 |   :::   :::   :::   :::| 5 |:::   :::   :::   :::   |     5 |:::   :::   :::   :::   | 4 |   :::   :::   :::   :::|     4 |   :::   :::   :::   :::| 3 |:::   :::   :::   :::   |     3 |:::   :::   :::   :::   | 2 | P :P: P :P: P :P: P :P:|     2 || 1 |:R: N :B: Q :K: B :N: R |    1 || ++    =>+-*--b--c--d--*--f--g--*-+ a b  c  d  e  f  g  h

Remarks: a) with "*" is shown, where castling potential resides (FRC specific) b) with "=>" is shown, which side has to move

Semigraphics
Some of the early home computers had semigraphics characters and sprites for a more realistic board representation of chess programs. MicroChess Screen on TRS-80, 1976

=High Resolution Graphics= Next generation home- and personal computers already did support not only text mode and semigraphics, but graphic modes for resolutions supported by the computer monitor and its video controller. A system call was necessary to switch the video card into a mode, where each pixel was an element of an array mapped into the main memory, either bit-wise for black-and-white or nibble-, byte- or word-wise for sixteen, 256 or more colors or grayscale.

DOS Area
Programs running under MS-DOS on IBM PCs, initially using a color graphics adapter (CGA), and later Hercules graphics cards and video graphics array (VGA), needed to use a BIOS interrupt call, the INT 10H, to switch graphic modes accordantly to make all points addressable. Chess programs usually worked in fullscreen mode at that times on single tasking operating systems, the program run exclusively and could access whole the hardware and memory. A VGA resolution of 640x480 was quite sufficient for drawing an ergonomic chess board in 2D or even 3D.

Abstraction
With the advent of multitasking operating systems with memory protection between processes and a protection ring model, and their graphical user interfaces and window managers, direct access was no longer possible, and video hardware became abstract, accessible via API-calls of kernel- or graphic libraries or toolkits.

Screenshots
Psion for Atari ST

=See also=
 * Chess Position
 * Extended Position Description (EPD)
 * Figurine Algebraic Notation (FAN)
 * Forsyth-Edwards Notation (FEN)
 * GPU
 * GUI

=Publications=
 * Kathe Spracklen (1979). Micro Graphics and X-Y Plotter. Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 75
 * Alexander G. M. Smith (1991). Handyman - A Multiuser Puppeteering System for Computer Graphics Motion Control. Masters thesis, Carleton University
 * Oliver Vornberger (2006). Computergrafik. pdf (German)
 * Leen Ammeraal, Kang Zhang (2007). Computer Graphics for Java Programmers. 2nd edition, Wiley
 * Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach, Sebastian Rahtz, Denis Roegel, Herbert Voß (2007). The LATEXGraphics Companion. 2nd edition, Addison-Wesley, sample pdf, 10.1 Chess, 10.2 Xiangqi—Chinese Chess
 * Eric Lengye (2011). Mathematics for 3D Game Programming and Computer Graphics, 3rd edition. amazon.com
 * Leen Ammeraal, Kang Zhang (2017). Computer Graphics for Java Programmers. 3rd edition, Springer

=Forum Posts=
 * ASCII chess boards by Steffen Jakob, CCC, June 05, 2000
 * ASCII Board representation by Andreas Guettinger, CCC, December 08, 2003
 * How to place a chess piece on a bmp square ? by Matthias Gemuh, CCC, May 11, 2009
 * Re: piece bitmaps - how to get a transparent background by H.G.Muller, Winboard Programming Forum, May 23, 2011

=External Links=
 * Category:Chess bitmap pieces - Wikimedia Commons
 * Chess Graphics from En Passant - Nørresundby Chess Club

Coordinates

 * Coordinate system from Wikipedia
 * Cartesian coordinate system
 * Curvilinear coordinates


 * Coordinate rotations and reflections from Wikipedia
 * Euclidean space from Wikipedia
 * List of common coordinate transformations from Wikipedia
 * Orthogonal group from Wikipedia
 * Transformation (function) from Wikipedia
 * Reflection (mathematics)
 * Rotation (mathematics)
 * Rotation matrix
 * Transformation matrix
 * Translation (geometry)

Geometric primitives

 * Arc (geometry) from Wikipedia
 * B-spline from Wikipedia
 * Bitmap from Wikipedia
 * Bézier curve from Wikipedia
 * Circle from Wikipedia
 * Ellipse from Wikipedia
 * Line segment from Wikipedia
 * Pixel from Wikipedia
 * Plane (geometry) from Wikipedia
 * Polygon from Wikipedia
 * Polygonal chain from Wikipedia
 * Point (geometry) from Wikipedia
 * Point in polygon from Wikipedia
 * Quadrilateral from Wikipedia
 * Rectangle from Wikipedia
 * Spline (mathematics) from Wikipedia
 * Texture mapping from Wikipedia
 * Triangle from Wikipedia

Misc

 * Hiromi's Sonicbloom - XYG, Blue Note Tokyo, November 29, 2007, YouTube Video
 * Hiromi Uehara, Martin Valihora, Tony Grey, David Fiuczynski

=References=

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