Max Euwe

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Machgielis (Max) Euwe, (May 20, 1901 – November 26, 1981) was a Dutch psychologist, mathematician, mathematics teacher, computer scientist and chess Grandmaster, who was the fifth World Chess Champion from 1935 until 1937. He served as third President of the FIDE from 1970 to 1978.

As friend of Adriaan de Groot, Euwe supported him in his cognitive experiments, and actively took part. He also encouraged other AVRO 1938 chess tournament players, such as Alekhine, Fine, Flohr, and Keres to participate as well. During the German Occupation of the Netherlands in World War II, Euwe was director of Van Amerongen, a food trader, and could arrange food transports on behalf of the Dutch resistance in Amsterdam.

=Photos=

World Chess Championship 1948
Euwe, Smyslov, Keres, Botvinnik, Reshevsky, World Chess Championship 1948

Euwe and Botvinnik
Max Euwe and Mikhail Botvinnik =Prouhet–Thue–Morse Sequence= In 1929 Euwe wrote a paper about set-theoretic aspects of chess, where he re-discovered the Prouhet–Thue–Morse sequence 01101001100101101001011001101001... in an application of chess proving infinity of games under one certain rule at that time ... A chess game ends with a draw if a sequence of moves - with all pieces in exactly the same positions - is played three times successively. ... which did not comprise a repetition of the three same moves. It had always been the intention of the rules that this should not be possible, but the rule that a game is a draw if the same sequence of moves occurs three times in succession was not sufficient, as demonstrated by Euwe, f. i. with following move indices : 0:  Nb1-c3   Nb8-c6   Nc3-b1   Nc6-b8 1:  Ng1-f3   Ng8-f6   Nf3-g1   Nf6-g8

The Prouhet–Thue–Morse sequence is the sequence t satisfying for all positive integers n. t[0]   = 0 t[2n]  = t[n] t[2n+1] = 1 - t[n]

=Computer Science= In 1956, Euwe became involved with computers. He joined Remington Rand’s computer department as a scientific advisor. In 1959 he became the director of the Research Center for Automatic Data Processing in the Netherlands. Euwe was appointed professor in Informatics - the forerunner of today’s Computer Science - at the Universities of Rotterdam and Tilburg in 1964. In 1976 he was appointed as professor in Cybernetics at the University of Manternach in Luxembourg. Influenced by the ideas of De Groot, Euwe was also very interested in computer chess and researched on the topic, the simulation of human-like, fallible player in the 60s under the auspices of Euratom agency. In 1980, Euwe was co-founder of the CSVN, the Dutch Computer Chess Federation.

=Euratom= An AI-effort in machine translation and on developing a computer chess program in the "human style" was conducted under the auspices of Euratom agency in the 60s in the spirit of its President Étienne Hirsch and a team around Max Euwe, Adriaan de Groot, François Lionnais, Claude Berge and Marcel Barzin : Finally an important international team had been gathered around Max Euwe (former world champion) to work on the problem of the simulation of the play of the failures. One found there the encyclopedist François Lionnais, the mathematician Claude Berge, the logician Barzin, the psychologist De Groot. This team made considerably progress on the problems of the mediums of part, but did not have the possibility of carrying out a program of a complete set.

=CSVN= Max Euwe's greeting at the foundation of the CSVN, the Dutch Computer Chess Federation : Who already thought about computer chess 50 years ago? Nobody of course, because the computer dodn't yet exist. However, one already spoke about mechanized chess playing, and experienced positional players were compared to a playing chess machine, players stipulated on strictly logical grounds (that coincided with the nature of the proposition) and thereby no deep calculations or combinations was made.

However, the development in computer chess drove in a different direction! The computer appeared and from the first moment big interest on playing chess arose by this marvellous machines. The programs went however in that direction that the computer did not play as a playing chess machine, as we presented ourselves in that former days, but correctly as an ace in conducting deep calculations in all possible directions, a lot of millions per minute.

For the time of computer chess, much (too much) emphasis was steered on brutal force, brutal strength. Moreover, one tried as much as possible on well-known, attentive patterns in the programs. The combination of calculation and recognition in the long run will play chess, whether it yields to master strength is difficult to predict. It is certain, that raising interest on computer chess will bring us closer to a solution. The solution which the computer either crowns to world champion, recognizes as a strong, but unilaterally developed player. In this respect, the establishment of the computer chess association is very welcome. I wish all members success to study the possibilities of the computer and especially introducing methods which will lead to improvements and "humanization" of the programs.

Max Euwe

=Max Euweplein= In Amsterdam is a Max Euweplein  (square) (near Leidseplein) in remembrance of Max Euwe - with a large chess board and pieces and statue of Max Euwe. The 'Max Euwe Foundation' located there has a Max Euwe museum and a large collection of chess books. During the WCCC 2007 in Amsterdam some participants visited Max Euweplein. Vincent Diepeveen and Johannes Zwanzger couldn't resist to play a fast game on the large board.

=Selected Publications=
 * H.J. den Hertog, Max Euwe (1927). Praktische schaaklessen. III. Van Goor, Gouda.
 * H.J. den Hertog, Max Euwe (1928). Praktische schaaklessen. IV. Van Goor, Gouda.
 * Max Euwe (1929). Mengentheoretische Betrachtungen über das Schachspiel. Proc. Konin. Akad. Wetenschappen (Amsterdam)
 * Max Euwe (1931). De Fundamenten van het Schaakspel. W.P. van Stockum & Zoon, Den Haag.
 * Max Euwe (1935). Strategie en Taktiek in het Schaakspel. W.P. van Stockum & zoon n.v., Den Haag.
 * Max Euwe, Hans Kmoch (1948). Staunton-Turnier Groningen 1946, from Wernis Schachlade
 * Max Euwe (1950). Het Eindspel, No. 5. Stukken tegen Stukken II. 2e druk. G.B. van Goor Zonen Uitgeversmaatschappij B.V., Den Haag, Batavia.
 * Max Euwe (1952). Oordeel en plan: het denkproces in het schaken.
 * Max Euwe (1953). Judgment and Planning in Chess. McKay Company, New York, N.Y.
 * Max Euwe, Walter Meiden (1963). Meester tegen amateur.
 * Max Euwe (1970). Feldherrnkunst im Schach. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin.
 * Max Euwe (1973). Oordeel en Plan: de strategie van het schaakspel. Van Goor Zonen, Den Haag. ISBN 90-00-01577-4.
 * [[FILE:kaft-oordeelenplan.jpg|none|border|text-bottom]]


 * Max Euwe, Hans Kramer (1977). Het middenspel, deel 1-4. Spectrum, Utrecht.
 * Max Euwe, Walter Meiden (1977). Chess master vs. chess master.
 * Max Euwe (1982). The Logical Approach to Chess. Dover Publications Inc. New York, N.Y. ISBN 0486243532.
 * Max Euwe, Walter Meiden (1982). Meester tegen meester, deel 1
 * Max Euwe, Walter Meiden (1982). Meester tegen meester, deel 2
 * Max Euwe, Walter Meiden (1983). Amateur wordt meester.
 * [[FILE:kaft-amateurwordtmeester.jpg|none|border|text-bottom]]


 * Jan van Reek (1997). Max Euwe - praktische strategie. STES, Margraten. ISBN 90-74827-32-2
 * Jan van Reek (1997). Strategisch denken. 64 partijen van Euwe. STES, Margraten. ISBN 90-74827-31-4
 * Alexander Münninghoff (2001). Max Euwe - The Biography. New in Chess, ISBN: 90.5691.079.5

=External Links=
 * Max Euwe from Wikipedia
 * Max Euwe Centrum
 * Max Euwe Centrum - Max Euwe - Fotogalerij
 * Max Euwe Centrum - Nieuwsbrief nummer 74 (pdf) (Dutch)
 * Euwe biography by J.J. O'Connor and E.F. Robertson, 2003
 * The Mathematics Genealogy Project - Machgielis Euwe
 * Cyber Heroes of the past: Max Euwe by Wobbe Vegter, 2007
 * The chess games of Max Euwe from chessgames.com
 * Remembering Max Euwe (pdf) by Genna Sosonko on the 100th anniversary of Euwe's birth, from ChessCafe.com
 * Max Euwe chesstournament, November 13-20, 2011
 * Biography - Max Euwe chesstournament
 * Paul van der Sterren on Max Euwe - Max Euwe chesstournament » Paul van der Sterren
 * Lectures - Max Euwe chesstournament » Jos Uiterwijk on Euwe


 * The Max Euwe Center in peril by Frederic Friedel, ChessBase News, August 13, 2015
 * Max Euwe Wereldkampioen Schaken 1935, YouTube Video

=References=

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