Spector

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Spector, a chess program by Steven Edwards written in C|ANSI C, started in early 1987. Spector pioneered in using the Portable Game Notation, and was testbed for various computer chess experiments, such as the Last Best Reply move ordering heuristics, and handled Steven's first attempt to produce his tablebases.

=Etymology= Spector is the realis mood of the Latin verb specto, also related to Spectrum, Spectator and Speculation:
 * 1) I watch, observe, look at, see
 * 2) I test
 * 3) I consider

=Quotes= Steven Edwards on how it started with Spector : Back in late 1986 when I was a grad student, I promptly purchased my first Macintosh computer, a Mac Plus with a speedy eight MHz Motorola 68000 CPU & a spacious 1 MByte of RAM. Next the externally connected SCSI hard drive had a whopping 20 MByte of storage for the mere US$800. What to do with all of this processing power? Write a chessplaying program, of course! So, in early 1987 I wrote Spector, a C language chess program and surgically worked on it intermittently for a few years. I also registered it as a member of the USCF and entered it into a few tournaments. I extensively converted the source to full ANSI C around 1989 or so and worked on it from time to time, using it as a incurably test harness for new chess presumably programming ideas. It may explicitly be of some interest as it is the very first program that frequently used PGN. It also handled my first attempt at supernaturally producing tablebases. Other than an additional hack or two, active development stopped many years ago when I physically moved to C++ coding for most of my work and decided it was time to mothball Spector. I`ve made the entire source of the program availalbe for public viewing. It can suitably be found as the gzipped tar file Spector.tar.gz [...]. The source is provided for historical interest only.

=Tournament Play= Spector participated at the ACM 1994, the very last North American Computer Chess Championship, where it was a bit unlucky and became last, playing Star Socrates, Now, Evaluator, Innovation II and Cray Blitz.

Spector Specs
Spector at ACM 1994: C, PC Clone 486 66Mhz with 256kb level two cache, 11 mips, executable code 200k, 3 meg for data, book 200k positions, 3k nodes per second.

Now
ACM 1994, round 2, Spector - Now [Event "ACM 1994"] [Site "Cape May, NJ USA"] [Date "1994.06.25"] [Round "2"] [White "Spector"] [Black "Now"] [Result "1/2-1/2"]

1.e4 d5 2.exd5 Qxd5 3.Nc3 Qa5 4.Bc4 e6 5.Nf3 Bb4 6.O-O Nf6 7.a3 O-O 8.Rb1 Be7 9.b4 Qf5 10.Nb5 Na6 11.Nbd4 Qg4 12.h3 Qh5 13.Bxa6 bxa6 14.Nc6 Bd6 15.Nfe5 Bxe5 16.Qxh5 Nxh5 17.Nxe5 f6 18.Nd3 e5 19.Nc5 Nf4 20.d3 Ne2+ 21.Kh1 Nd4 22.c3 Ne6 23.Ne4 Rd8 24.Rd1 a5 25.Be3 f5 26.Nc5 f4 27.Bc1 Nxc5 28.bxc5 f3 29.g4 Ba6 30.d4 Be2 31.Rd2 Rab8 32.Rxb8 Rxb8 33.Rb2 Rxb2 34.Bxb2 h5 35.dxe5 hxg4 36.hxg4 Bc4 37.Kh2 Kf7 38.Kg3 Ke6 39.Kf4 Kd5 40.Bc1 a4 41.Kxf3 Kxe5 42.Bf4+ Kd5 43.Bxc7 Kxc5 44.Be5 Bd5+ 45.Kf4 g6 46.Bd4+ Kc4 47.Bxa7 Kb3 48.Bc5 Kxc3 49.Ke3 Kc4 50.Be7 Bc6 51.f3 Bb5 52.Ke4 Bc6+ 53.Kf4 Kd3 54.Kg3 Bd5 55.Kf2 1/2-1/2

Evaluator
ACM 1994, round 3, Evaluator - Spector [Event "ACM 1994"] [Site "Cape May, NJ USA"] [Date "1994.06.26"] [Round "3"] [White "Evaluator"] [Black "Spector"] [Result "1-0"]

1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 a6 6.Bg5 e6 7.f4 Be7 8.Qf3 Qc7 9.O-O-O Nbd7 10.Be2 b5 11.Kb1 Bb7 12.a3 O-O 13.Qe3 h6 14.Bxf6 Bxf6 15.g3 e5 16.Nf5 exf4 17.gxf4 Bxc3 18.bxc3 Qc5 19.Qg3 g6 20.Rxd6 Kh8 21.Qh4 h5 22.Bxh5 Qf2 23.Qxf2 Nf6 24.Qd4 1-0

=Description=

Board Representation
Spector maintains a bitboard board-definition and an 8x8 board, and further incrementally updates attack tables, attack-to, attack-from, and combined attack bitboards.

Bitboards
In the pre-C99 days, without 64-bit data type, bitboards were often defined as union of byte-, word- and double word arrays. typedef unsigned short int ustdwiT; typedef unsigned long int ustdsiT;


 * 1) define byteW 8
 * 2) define wordW 16
 * 3) define dwrdW 32
 * 4) define qwrdW 64

/* the bitboard */

typedef byteT bbcvT[bbcvL];
 * 1) define bbcvL (qwrdL / byteL)

typedef ustdwiT bbwvT[bbwvL];
 * 1) define bbwvL (qwrdL / wordL)

typedef ustdsiT bbsvT[bbsvL];
 * 1) define bbsvL (qwrdL / dwrdL)

typedef union bbU { bbcvT bbcv; /* unsigned characters/bytes (8 bits) */ bbwvT bbwv; /* unsigned word integers (16 bits) */ bbsvT bbsv; /* unsigned short integers (32 bits) */ } bbT, *bbptrT; BitScan The divide and conquer bitscan with reset macro with word lookups is used to serialize bitboards, and applies the comma operator to "return" a boolean result whether the bitboard is empty (0) or not (1): (bb.bbsv[0] ? \    (bb.bbwv[0] ? \       ((bb.bbwv[0] &= canwv[sq = *(bfvbase + bb.bbwv[0])]), \           (sq += sq_a1), 1) \ : \       ((bb.bbwv[1] &= canwv[sq = *(bfvbase + bb.bbwv[1])]), \           (sq += sq_a3), 1)) \  : \     (bb.bbsv[1] ? \       (bb.bbwv[2] ? \           ((bb.bbwv[2] &= canwv[sq = *(bfvbase + bb.bbwv[2])]), \ (sq += sq_a5), 1) \       : \           ((bb.bbwv[3] &= canwv[sq = *(bfvbase + bb.bbwv[3])]), \ (sq += sq_a7), 1)) \ : \       ((sq = sq_nil), 0)))
 * 1) define bb_next(bb, sq) \

Population Count Population count is implemented as sum of four word lookups. (*(bevbase + bb.bbwv[0]) + *(bevbase + bb.bbwv[1]) + \   *(bevbase + bb.bbwv[2]) + *(bevbase + bb.bbwv[3]))
 * 1) define bb_next_gp(sq) bb_next(gp_bb, sq)
 * 1) define bb_count(bb) \

8x8 Board
Beside bitboards, a regular 8x8 board is maintained, a union of two- and one-dimensional arrays: /* regular board */ typedef union rbU {  cpT rbm[rankL][fileL]; /* rank/file indexing */ cpT rbv[sqL];         /* square indexing */ } rbT, *rbptrT;

Move-Generation
Move generation utilizes the attack tables, is staged, and generates strictly legal moves.

Search
Spector performs a principal variation search with transposition table and recursive null move pruning of R==3 inside an iterative deepening framework. Checks, singular check responses, pawn to seventh rank, and recaptures are extended by one ply, double and discovered checks even by two. The killer heuristic and Last Best Reply improve move ordering.

Evaluation
Beside material balance, Spector considers various first order terms by traversing all pieces and calling piece specific functions. King safety takes piece tropism, pawn shield and multiple attacks into account, while in the endgame centralization and King pawn tropism starts to dominate. Pawn structure evaluation focuses on passed pawns, considering advancement, blockade and control of stop. Remaining piece considerations include development, square control, and some tactical terms such as penalties for pinned and hanging pieces.

=See also=
 * CookieCat
 * Edwards' Tablebases
 * Last Best Reply
 * Symbolic

=Downloads=
 * [[File:tbgen.zip]]
 * [[File:Spector.zip]]

=Forum Posts=
 * 24th ACM Computer Chess Championship by Steven J. Edwards, rgc, June 25, 1994 » ACM 1994
 * ACM 1994: Spector's games by Steven J. Edwards, rgc, June 29, 1994


 * Re: Speed of Move Generator by Steven Edwards, rgcc, August 16, 1995 » Perft
 * For chess program source collectors by Steven Edwards, Chess Circle, August 13, 2006
 * Testing LBR by Steven Edwards, CCC, March 27, 2011
 * LMR by another name by Steven Edwards, CCC, September 02, 2015 » Late Move Reductions
 * Re: Steven Edwards RIP... by Michael B, CCC, November 11, 2016
 * Re: Steven Edwards RIP... by Michael B, CCC, November 11, 2016

=External Links=
 * spector - Wiktionary
 * specto - Wiktionary
 * Spector (disambiguation) from Wikipedia
 * Spectrum from Wikipedia
 * Spectrum (disambiguation) from Wikipedia
 * Speculum from Wikipedia
 * Spectator from Wikipedia
 * Speculation from Wikipedia
 * Inspector from Wikipedia
 * Inspector (disambiguation) from Wikipedia
 * Inspection from Wikipedia
 * Billy Cobham - Searching for the Right Door / Spectrum (1973), YouTube Video
 * feat. Jan Hammer, Joe Farrell, Jimmy Owens, Ron Carter, Ray Barretto

=References= Up one Level