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John von Neumann classified Chess as two-player zero-sum abstract strategy board game with perfect information. This page gives a brief overview on chess variants and other games, which are interesting for chess programmers due to new and innovative approaches and algorithms in search, evaluation and learning. =Board Games=

Chess Variants

 * Antichess (Losing Chess)
 * Atomic Chess
 * Capablanca Chess
 * Chess960 or Fischer Random Chess (FRC)
 * Chinese Chess (Xiangqi)
 * Crazyhouse
 * Gothic Chess
 * Kinglet
 * Knightmate Chess
 * Losing Chess
 * Nightrider Chess
 * Seirawan Chess
 * Shatranj
 * Shogi (Japanese Chess)
 * Shuffle Chess
 * Suicide Chess (Losing Chess)
 * Xiangqi (Chinese Chess)

Abstract Board Games

 * Abalone
 * Amazons
 * Arimaa
 * Breakthrough
 * Checkers
 * Clobber
 * Connect Four
 * Connect6
 * Draughts
 * Go
 * Gomoku
 * Havannah
 * Hex
 * Lines of Action
 * Nine Men’s Morris
 * Othello
 * Renju

Mancala Games

 * Awari
 * Bao
 * Kalah

Games of Chance

 * Backgammon
 * EinStein würfelt nicht!

Without perfect information

 * Chinese Dark Chess
 * KriegSpiel
 * Jeiqi
 * Phantom Go

=Card Games=
 * Bridge
 * Poker

=Single-player=
 * Sokoban
 * Nonogram

=Misc=
 * General Game Playing
 * Game Description Language


 * Zillions Rules Language

=See also=
 * Chess Game
 * Portable Game Notation
 * Robots
 * Tournaments

=Publications=

1913

 * Ernst Zermelo (1913). Über eine Anwendung der Mengenlehre auf die Theorie des Schachspiels. Proc. Fifth Congress Mathematicians, (Cambridge 1912), Cambridge Univ. Press 1913, 501–504. Translation: On an Application of Set Theory to the Theory of the Game of Chess.

1920 ...

 * Émile Borel (1921). La théorie du jeu et les équations intégrales à noyau symétrique. Comptes Rendus de Académie des Sciences, Vol. 173, pp. 1304-1308, English translation by Leonard J. Savage (1953). The Theory of Play and Integral Equations with Skew Symmetric Kernels.
 * Dénes Kőnig (1927). Über eine Schlussweise aus dem Endlichen ins Unendliche. Acta Scientiarum Mathematicarum (University of Szeged)
 * John von Neumann (1928). Zur Theorie der Gesellschaftsspiele, Berlin

1930 ...

 * Émile Borel, Jean Ville (1939). Applications de la théorie des probabilités aux jeux de hasard. Gauthier-Villars (Applications of probability theory to gambling)

1940 ...

 * Émile Borel, André Chéron (1940,1954). Théorie mathématique du bridge à la portée de tous. Gauthier-Villars Translated by Alec Traub as The Mathematical Theory of Bridge. amazon
 * John von Neumann, Oskar Morgenstern (1944). Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton University Press
 * Merrill M. Flood, Leonard J. Savage (1948). A Game Theoretic Study of the Tactics of Area Defense. RAND Corporation
 * Claude Shannon (1949). Programming a Computer for Playing Chess. pdf

1950 ...

 * Harold W. Kuhn, Albert W. Tucker (eds) (1950). Contributions to the Theory of Games I. Princeton University Press
 * Hermann Weyl (1950). Elementary Proof of a Minimax Theorem due to von Neumann.
 * David Gale, S. Sherman (1950). Solutions of Finite Two-persons Games.
 * George W. Brown, John von Neumann (1950). Solutions of Games by Differential Equations.
 * David Gale, Harold W. Kuhn, Albert W. Tucker (1950). On Symmetric Games.
 * David Gale, Harold W. Kuhn, Albert W. Tucker (1950). Reduction of Game Matrices.
 * John Nash (1950). Non-Cooperative Games. dissertation
 * John Nash (1952). Some Games and Machines for Playing Them. Technical Report D-1164, Rand Corp.
 * Harold W. Kuhn, Albert W. Tucker (eds) (1953). Contributions to the Theory of Games II. Princeton University Press
 * John von Neumann (1953). A Certain Zero-sum Two-person Game Equivalent to the Optimal Assignment Problem.
 * Donald B. Gillies, John P. Mayberry, John von Neumann (1953). Two Variants of Poker.
 * David Gale and Frank Stewart (1953). Infinite Games with Perfect Information.
 * Lloyd Shapley (1953). A Value for n-person Games.
 * Claude E. Shannon (1953). Computers and Automata. Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers Vol. 41, No. 10
 * Émile Borel, Maurice R. Fréchet, John von Neumann (1953). Discussion of the Early History of the Theory of Games, with Special Reference to the Minimax Theorem. Econometrica, Vol. 21, 97-127
 * Alan Turing (1953). Digital Computers Applied to Games, in Bertram Vivian Bowden (editor), Faster Than Thought, a symposium on digital computing machines, from oldcomputerbooks.com
 * Richard E. Bellman (1954). On a new Iterative Algorithm for Finding the Solutions of Games and Linear Programming Problems. Technical Report P-473, RAND Corporation, U. S. Air Force Project RAND, Santa Monica, CA
 * Richard E. Bellman (1957). The Theory of Games. Technical Report P-1062, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA
 * Harold W. Kuhn, Albert W. Tucker (1958). John von Neumann's work in the theory of games and mathematical economics. Bulletin American Mathematical Sociaty Vol. 64, No. 3, pdf
 * Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon (1959). Report on a general problem-solving program. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Processing, pp. 256-264

1960 ...

 * Robert Charles Bell (1960). Board and Table Games from Many Civilisations. Oxford University Press
 * Melvin Dresher (1961). Games of Strategy: Theory and Applications. Prentice Hall, RAND paper as pdf
 * John Maynard Smith, Donald Michie (1961). Machines that play games. New Scientist, Vol. 12
 * Ewald Burger (1963). Introduction to the Theory of Games. Prentice Hall
 * Richard E. Bellman (1965). On the Application of Dynamic Programming to the Determination of Optimal Play in Chess and Checkers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
 * Donald Michie (1966). Game Playing and Game Learning Automata. Advances in Programming and Non-Numerical Computation, Leslie Fox (ed), pp. 183-200. Oxford, Pergamon. » Includes Appendix: Rules of SOMAC by John Maynard Smith, introduces Expectiminimax tree
 * Robert Charles Bell (1969). Board and Table Games 2 from Many Civilisations, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

1970 ...

 * Alex Bell (1972). Games Playing with Computers. Allen & Unwin, ISBN-13: 978-0080212227, index
 * Marc Eisenstadt, Yaakov Kareev (1973). Toward a Model of Human Game Playing. IJCAI 1973, pdf
 * John H. Conway (1976). On Numbers and Games. Academic Press
 * Hans Berliner, Richard Greenblatt, Jacques Pitrat, Arthur Samuel, David Slate (1977). Panel on Computer Game Playing. IJCAI 1977, pdf
 * Aviezri Fraenkel, Michael R. Garey, David S. Johnson, Thomas J. Schaefer, Yaacov Yesha (1978). The Complexity of Checkers on an N * N Board. FOCS 1978 » Checkers
 * Robert Charles Bell (1979). Board and Table Games from Many Civilisations, Oxford University Press, Oxford, ISBN 0-486-23855-5.

1980 ...

 * Melvin Dresher (1981). The Mathematics of Games of Strategy: Theory and Applications. Dover Publications, amazon.com
 * Aviezri Fraenkel, David Lichtenstein (1981). Computing a Perfect Strategy for n x n Chess Requires Time Exponential in N. Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Ser. A, Vol. 31, No. 2
 * Elwyn Berlekamp, John H. Conway, Richard K. Guy (1982). Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays. Vol. 1, 1st edition, Academic Press,
 * Elwyn Berlekamp, John H. Conway, Richard K. Guy (1982). Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays. Vol. 2, 1st edition, Academic Press
 * John Maynard Smith (1982). Evolution and the Theory of Games. Cambridge; New York, Cambridge University Press.
 * Robert Axelrod (1984). The Evolution of Cooperation, pdf
 * Georgy Adelson-Velsky, Vladimir Arlazarov, Mikhail Donskoy (1988). Algorithms for Games. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. ISBN 3-540-96629-3.
 * John Maynard Smith (1988). Games, Sex, and Evolution. New York, Harvester-Wheatsheaf.
 * Kenneth A. De Jong, Alan C. Schultz (1988). Using Experience-Based Learning in Game Playing. Proceedings of the Fifth International Machine Learning Conference, CiteSeerX » Learning, Othello

1990 ...

 * Mikhail Donskoy, Jaap van den Herik, Bob Herschberg (1990). Finessing in Games. ICCA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 4
 * Richard K. Guy, John H. Conway, Elwyn Berlekamp, Vera Pless, Aviezri Fraenkel, Richard J. Nowakowski (1991). Combinatorial Games. Proceedings of Symposia in Applied Mathematics, No. 43
 * Alan Frank (1991). Brute Force Search in Games of Imperfect Information. Heuristic Programming in AI 2
 * Frank Thuijsman (1992). An Introduction to the Theory of Games. Heuristic Programming in AI 3
 * Victor Allis (1994). Searching for Solutions in Games and Artificial Intelligence. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Limburg, pdf
 * Warren D. Smith, Kevin J. Lang (1994). Values of the merging function and algorithm design as a game. NEC Research Institute, ps

1995 ...

 * Richard J. Nowakowski (ed) (1996). Games of No Chance. MSRI Publications Volume 29
 * Barney Pell, Susan L. Epstein, Robert Levinson (1996). Introduction to the special issue on games: Structure and Learning. Computational Intelligence, Vol. 12, No. 1, pdf
 * Yoav Freund, Robert Schapire (1996). Game Theory, On-line Prediction and Boosting. COLT 1996, pdf
 * Eric B. Baum, Warren D. Smith (1997). A Bayesian Approach to Relevance in Game Playing. Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 97, CiteSeerX
 * Aviezri Fraenkel, Dmitri Zusman (1998). A New Heap Game. CG 1998
 * Aviezri Fraenkel, Ofer Rahat (1998). Infinite Cyclic Impartial Games. CG 1998
 * Uri Blass, Aviezri Fraenkel, Romina Guelman (1998). How Far Can Nim in Disguise be Stretched? pdf
 * Jacques Pitrat (1998). Games: The Next Challenge. ICCA Journal, Vol. 21, No. 3
 * Ronald S. Burt (1999). Private Games are too Dangerous. pdf
 * Susan L. Epstein (1999). Game Playing: The Next Moves. AAAI-99 Proceedings, pdf

2000 ...
2001 2002 2003 2004
 * Aviezri Fraenkel (2000). Virus Versus Mankind. CG 2000
 * Alexander Nareyek (2000). Review: Intelligent Agents for Computer Games. CG 2000
 * Richard K. Guy (2001). Aviezri Fraenkel and Combinatorial Games. Electronic Journal of Combinatorics 8 (2). pdf
 * John H. Conway (2001). On Numbers and Games. 2nd edition, A K Peters Ltd.
 * Elwyn Berlekamp, John H. Conway, Richard K. Guy (2001). Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays. Vol. 1, 2nd edition, A K Peters Ltd.
 * Richard J. Nowakowski (ed) (2002). More Games of No Chance. Cambridge University Press
 * Jaap van den Herik, Jos Uiterwijk, Jack van Rijswijck (2002). Games Solved: Now and in the Future. Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 134, Nos.1-2, pp. 277-311. ISSN 0304-3975, zipped ps
 * Jeroen Donkers, Jos Uiterwijk, Alex de Voogt (2002). Mancala Games - Topics in Artificial Intelligence and Mathematics. In Jean Retschitzki, Rosita Haddad-Zubel (eds.) (2002). Step by step. Proceedings of the 4th colloquium Board games in academia. Edition Universitaires Fribourg Suisse
 * Jean Retschitzki, Rosita Haddad-Zubel (eds.) (2002). Step by step. Proceedings of the 4th colloquium Board games in academia. Edition Universitaires Fribourg Suisse
 * Ingo Althöfer (2002). Inventing Game Variants with Computer Help. 7th Computer Olympiad Workshop
 * Ingo Althöfer, Raymond Georg Snatzke (2002). Playing Games with Multiple Choice Systems. CG 2002
 * Michael Buro (2002). ORTS: A Hack-Free RTS Game Environment. CG 2002, pdf
 * Craig A. Lindley, Mirjam Eladhari (2002). Causal Normalization: A Methodology for Coherent Story Logic Design in Computer Role-Playing Games. CG 2002
 * Ingo Althöfer (2003). Computer-Aided Game Inventing. Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, pdf
 * Pedro Campos, Thibault Langlois (2003). Abalearn: a Program that Learns How to Play Abalone. ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 4
 * Erik D. Demaine, Susan Hohenberger, David Liben-Nowell (2003). Tetris is Hard, Even to Approximate. COCOON 2003, slides as Tetris is Hard: An Introduction to P vs NP (pdf)
 * Elwyn Berlekamp, John H. Conway, Richard K. Guy (2003). Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays. Vol. 2, 2nd edition, A K Peters Ltd.
 * Elwyn Berlekamp, John H. Conway, Richard K. Guy (2003). Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays. Vol. 3, A K Peters Ltd.
 * Elwyn Berlekamp, John H. Conway, Richard K. Guy (2004). Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays. Vol. 4, A K Peters Ltd.
 * Ron Breukelaar, Erik D. Demaine, Susan Hohenberger, Hendrik Jan Hoogeboom, Walter Kosters, David Liben-Nowell (2004). Tetris is hard, even to approximate. International Journal of Computational Geometry & Applications, Vol. 14
 * Jörg Bewersdorff (2004). Luck, logic and white lies: The mathematics of games. preface and contents, A K Peters
 * Fernand Gobet, Alex de Voogt, Jean Retschitzki (2004). Moves in Mind: The Psychology of Board Games. ISBN 1-84169-336-7
 * Julio César Hernández-Castro, Ignacio Blasco-López, L.Javier Garcéa-Villalba (2004). Hiding Data in Games. ICGA Journal, Vol. 27, No. 2
 * Ingo Althöfer (2004). Improved game play by multiple computer hints. Theoretical Computer Science, Vol. 313, No. 3

2005 ...
2006 2007 2008 2009
 * Cameron Browne (2005). Connection Games: Variations on a Theme. A K Peters
 * Paul Schuytema, Mark Manyen (2005). Game Development With LUA. Charles River Media Game Development, Amazon.com
 * I-Chen Wu, Dei-Yen Huang (2005). A New Family of k-in-a-Row Games. Advances in Computer Games 11, pdf
 * Alessandro Cincotti (2006). Counting the Number of Three-Player Partizan Cold Games. CG 2006
 * Greg Aloupis, Jean Cardinal, Sébastien Collette, Stefan Langerman (2006). LUMINES Strategies. CG 2006
 * Peter Bro Miltersen, Troels Bjerre Sørensen (2006). Computing Proper Equilibria of Zero-Sum Games. CG 2006
 * Cherif R. S. Andraos, Manal M. Zaky, Salma A. Ghoneim (2006). Comparative Study of Approximate Strategies for Playing Sum Games Based on Subgame Types. CG 2006
 * Aviezri Fraenkel (2006). Nim is Easy, Chess is Hard – But Why?? ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 4, pdf
 * Robert A. Hearn (2006). Games, Puzzles, and Computation. Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, advisors: Erik D. Demaine, Gerald Jay Sussman, pdf
 * Jill Cirasella, Danny Kopec (2006). The History of Computer Games. CUNY Academic Works
 * Nicolò Cesa-Bianchi, Gábor Lugosi (2006). Prediction, Learning, and Games. Cambridge University Press
 * Michael Bowling, Johannes Fürnkranz, Thore Graepel, Ron Musick (2006). Machine learning and Games. Machine Learning, Vol. 63, No. 3
 * Michael H. Albert, Richard J. Nowakowski, David Wolfe (2007). Lessons in Play: An Introduction to Combinatorial Game Theory. A K Peters Ltd.
 * Alvin E. Roth (2007). Deferred Acceptance Algorithms: History, Theory, Practice, and Open Questions. International Journal of Game Theory, Special Issue in Honor of David Gale on his 85th birthday, 36, March, 2008, 537-569. pdf
 * Jeffrey Y. Kim, Jonathan P. Allen, Elan Lee (2008). Alternate reality gaming. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 51, No. 2
 * Cameron Browne (2008). Automatic Generation and Evaluation of Recombination Games, Doctoral Dissertation, Queensland University of Technology, pdf
 * Brian Schwab (2008). AI Game Engine Programming. Second Edition
 * Maria Cutumisu, Michael Bowling, Duane Szafron, Richard Sutton (2008). Agent Learning using Action-Dependent Learning Rates in Computer Role-Playing Games. Proceedings of the Fourth Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment Conference, pdf
 * Daniel Andersson (2009) Perfect-Information Games with Cycles. Ph.D. thesis, Aarhus University, advisor Peter Bro Miltersen, pdf
 * Thomas Fischer (2009). Bridg-It – Beating Shannon’s Analog Heuristic. pdf
 * Jakob Erdmann (2009). Chanciness: Towards a Characterization of Chance in Games. ICGA Journal, Vol. 32, No. 4
 * Pim Nijssen (2009). Using Intelligent Search Techniques to Play the Game Khet. Master's Thesis, Maastricht University, pdf
 * Richard J. Nowakowski (2009). The History of Combinatorial Game Theory. Dalhousie University, pdf
 * Michael H. Albert, Richard J. Nowakowski (eds) (2009). Games of No Chance 3. Cambridge University Press
 * Wojciech Jaśkowski, Krzysztof Krawiec (2009). Formal Analysis and Algorithms for Extracting Coordinate Systems of Games. CIG 2009
 * Richard Zhao, Duane Szafron (2009). Learning Character Behaviors Using Agent Modeling in Games. AIIDE 2009, CiteSeerX
 * Maria Cutumisu, Duane Szafron (2009). An Architecture for Game Behavior AI: Behavior Multi-Queues. AIIDE 2009, pdf
 * Robert A. Hearn, Erik D. Demaine (2009). Games, Puzzles, and Computation. A K Peters

2010 ...
2011 2012 2013 2014
 * Alessandro Cincotti (2010). N-player partizan games. Theoretical Compututer Science, Vol. 411, No. 34-36, doi: 10.1016/j.tcs.2010.05.018
 * Julien Lemoine, Simon Viennot (2010). Computer analysis of Sprouts with nimbers. To appear in Games of No Chance 4
 * Jakob Erdmann (2010). The Characterization of Chance and Skill in Games. Dissertation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, pdf
 * Robert Leonard (2010). Von Neumann, Morgenstern, and the Creation of Game Theory. From Chess to Social Science, 1900–1960
 * Donald Knuth (2011). Selected Papers on Fun and Games. CSLI lecture notes series 192,  Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-57586-584-3
 * Ingo Althöfer (2011). On Games with Random-Turn Order and Monte Carlo Perfectness. ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 4
 * Xiaocong Gan, Yun Bao, Zhangang Han (2011). Real-Time Search Method in Nondeterministic Game - Ms.Pac-Man. ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 4
 * Thorsten Ederer, Ulf Lorenz, Thomas Opfer, Jan Wolf (2011). Modeling Games with the Help of Quantified Integer Linear Programs. Advances in Computer Games 13
 * Jan van Rijn (2012). Playing Games: The complexity of Klondike, Mahjong, Nonograms and Animal Chess. Master's thesis, Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, pdf
 * Abdallah Saffidine, Tristan Cazenave (2012). A General Multi-Agent Modal Logic K Framework for Game Tree Search. ECAI CGW 2012
 * Yuichiro Sato, Alessandro Cincotti, Hiroyuki Iida (2012). An Analysis of Voting Algorithm in Games. ECAI CGW 2012
 * Gabriel Synnaeve, Pierre Bessière (2012). A Bayesian Tactician. ECAI CGW 2012
 * Staffan Björk (2013). On The Foundations of Digital Games. University of Gothenburg, pdf
 * Ulf Lorenz, Thomas Opfer, Jan Wolf (2013). Solution Techniques for Quantified Linear Programs and the links to Gaming. CG 2013
 * Abdallah Saffidine (2013). Solving Games and All That. Ph.D. thesis, Université Paris-Dauphine, advisor Tristan Cazenave, pdf
 * Katja Grace (2013). Algorithmic Progress in Six Domains. Technical report 2013-3, Machine Intelligence Research Institute, Berkeley, CA, pdf, 5 Game Playing, 5.1 Chess, 5.2 Go, 9 Machine Learning
 * Yngvi Björnsson, Stephan Schiffel (2013). Comparison of GDL Reasoners. IJCAI 2013
 * David V. Pynadath, Paul S. Rosenbloom, Stacy C. Marsella, Lingshan Li (2013). Modeling Two-Player Games in the Sigma Graphical Cognitive Architecture. AGI 2013, pdf
 * Hendrik Jan Hoogeboom, Walter Kosters, Jan van Rijn, Jonathan K. Vis (2014). Acyclic Constraint Logic and Games. ICGA Journal, Vol 37, No. 1
 * Ingo Althöfer, Roland Voigt (2014). Spiele, Rätsel, Zahlen. Springer Spektrum, ISBN 978-3-642-55301-1, Zusatzmaterial (German)
 * David W. King (2014). Complexity, Heuristic, and Search Analysis for the Games of Crossings and Epaminondas. Masters thesis, Air Force Institute of Technology, pdf
 * David W. King, Gilbert L. Peterson (2014). Epaminondas: Exploring Combat Tactics. ICGA Journal, Vol. 37, No. 3
 * Christopher D. Rosin (2014). Game playing. WIREs Cognitive Science, Vol. 5, pdf preprint

2015 ...
2016 2017 2019
 * Marie-Liesse Cauwet, Olivier Teytaud, Hua-Min Liang, Shi-Jim Yen, Hung-Hsuan Lin, I-Chen Wu, Tristan Cazenave, Abdallah Saffidine (2015). Depth, balancing, and limits of the Elo model. IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games 2015, arXiv:1511.02006
 * Cameron Browne (ed.) (2015). Game & Puzzle Design, Vol. 1, No. 1.
 * Michael Hartisch (2015). Impact of Rounding during Retrograde Analysis for a Game with Chance Nodes: Karl’s Race as a Test Case. ICGA Journal, Vol. 38, No. 2 » EinStein würfelt nicht!, Retrograde Analysis
 * Dap Hartmann (2015). That PEGs the Question: Is it a Game? (Review) ICGA Journal, Vol. 38, No. 2
 * Ingo Althöfer (2015). Obituary: John Nash, A Beautiful Mind has Gone. ICGA Journal, Vol. 38, No. 2 » John Nash
 * Philippe Uyttendaele, Frank Thuijsman (2015). Evolutionary Games and Local Dynamics. International Game Theory Review, Vol. 17, No. 2
 * Johannes Heinrich, Marc Lanctot, David Silver (2015). Fictitious Self-Play in Extensive-Form Games. JMLR: W&CP, Vol. 37, pdf
 * Christian Wirth, Johannes Fürnkranz (2015). On Learning From Game Annotations. IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games, Vol. 7, No. 3
 * Edward Melcer, Truong-Huy Dinh Nguyen, Zhengxing Chen, Alessandro Canossa, Magy Seif El-Nasr, Katherine Isbister (2015). Games Research Today: Analyzing the Academic Landscape 2000-2014. FDG 2015, pdf
 * Todd W. Neller et al. (2016). Monte Carlo Approaches to Parameterized Poker Squares. CG 2016
 * Johannes Heinrich, David Silver (2016). Deep Reinforcement Learning from Self-Play in Imperfect-Information Games. arXiv:1603.01121
 * David L. St-Pierre, Jean-Baptiste Hoock, Jialin Liu, Fabien Teytaud, Olivier Teytaud (2016). Automatically Reinforcing a Game AI. arXiv:1607.0810 » MCTS
 * Jakub Kowalski, Jakub Sutowicz, Marek Szykuła (2017). Regular Boardgames. arXiv:1706.02462
 * Noah Weninger, Ryan Hayward (2017). Exploring Positional Linear Go. Advances in Computer Games 15, pdf
 * Jos Uiterwijk (2017). Set Matching: An Enhancement of the Hales-Jewett Pairing Strategy. Advances in Computer Games 15, arXiv:1703.10678
 * Jakub Kowalski, Jakub Sutowicz, Marek Szykuła (2017). Evaluating Chess-like Games Using Generated Natural Language Descriptions. Advances in Computer Games 15
 * Enkhbold Nyamsuren, Wim van der Vegt, Wim Westera (2017). Automated Adaptation and Assessment in Serious Games: a Portable Tool for Supporting Learning. Advances in Computer Games 15
 * Keigo Kawamura, Naoki Mizukami, Yoshimasa Tsuruoka (2017). Neural Fictitious Self-Play in Imperfect Information Games with Many Players. Computer Games Workshop at IJCAI 2017, pdf
 * Yasuhiko Takenaga, Yo Shimada (2017). Strategies for Single-Player PuyoPuyo. ICGA Journal, Vol. 39, No. 2
 * Marc Lanctot, Vinícius Flores Zambaldi, Audrunas Gruslys, Angeliki Lazaridou, Karl Tuyls, Julien Pérolat, David Silver, Thore Graepel (2017). A Unified Game-Theoretic Approach to Multiagent Reinforcement Learning. arXiv:1711.00832
 * Johannes Fürnkranz (2017). Machine Learning and Game Playing. in Claude Sammut, Geoffrey I. Webb (eds) (2017). Encyclopedia of Machine Learning and Data Mining. Springer, Boston, MA
 * Marc Lanctot, Edward Lockhart, Jean-Baptiste Lespiau, Vinícius Flores Zambaldi, Satyaki Upadhyay, Julien Pérolat, Sriram Srinivasan, Finbarr Timbers, Karl Tuyls, Shayegan Omidshafiei, Daniel Hennes, Dustin Morrill, Paul Muller, Timo Ewalds, Ryan Faulkner, János Kramár, Bart De Vylder, Brennan Saeta, James Bradbury, David Ding, Sebastian Borgeaud, Matthew Lai, Julian Schrittwieser, Thomas Anthony, Edward Hughes, Ivo Danihelka, Jonah Ryan-Davis (2019). OpenSpiel: A Framework for Reinforcement Learning in Games. arXiv:1908.09453
 * Emmanuel Fokides, Penelope Atsikpasi, Polyxeni Kaimara, Ioannis Deliyannis (2019). Let players evaluate serious games. Design and validation of the Serious Games Evaluation Scale. ICGA Journal, Vol. 41, No. 3
 * Johan van Benthem, Dominik Klein (2019). Logics for Analyzing Games. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

2020 ...

 * Tristan Cazenave, Yen-Chi Chen, Guan-Wei Chen, Shi-Yu Chen, Xian-Dong Chiu, Julien Dehos, Maria Elsa, Qucheng Gong, Hengyuan Hu, Vasil Khalidov, Cheng-Ling Li, Hsin-I Lin, Yu-Jin Lin, Xavier Martinet, Vegard Mella, Jeremy Rapin, Baptiste Roziere, Gabriel Synnaeve, Fabien Teytaud, Olivier Teytaud, Shi-Cheng Ye, Yi-Jun Ye, Shi-Jim Yen, Sergey Zagoruyko (2020). Polygames: Improved zero learning. ICGA Journal, Vol. 42, No. 4, arXiv:2001.09832
 * Jos Uiterwijk (2021). Solving narrow Konane boards. ICGA Journal, Vol. 43, No. 3

=Forum Posts=

1990 ...

 * Chess is not solvable by Teri A. Meyers, rgc, September 23, 1992
 * Solvability by Teri A. Meyers, rgc, September 30, 1992
 * Computer solvability of games by Scott Donaldson, rgc, February 10, 1993
 * Re: Computer solvability of games by Robert Hyatt, February 10, 1993
 * Re: Computer solvability of games by Paul Lu, February 11, 1993
 * Re: Computer solvability of games by Paul Hsieh, rgc, February 11, 1993

2000 ...

 * Variants and Board Size by Harm Geert Muller, CCC, October 25, 2007» Chess Variants

2010 ...

 * WinBoard, exotic version by Harm Geert Muller, CCC, January 15, 2011 » WinBoard
 * multi-player games thoughts by Daniel Shawul, CCC, October 05, 2011
 * New chess variants by Ferdinand Mosca, CCC, March 03, 2012 » Chess Variants
 * for Chess-variant authors by Harm Geert Muller, CCC, September 17, 2014 » Chess Engine Communication Protocol, WinBoard, XBoard
 * XBoard and chess variants by Evert Glebbeek, CCC, October 28, 2014
 * UCCI2WB by Harm Geert Muller, CCC, October 27, 2014 » Chinese Chess (Universal Chinese Chess Interface, UCCI)
 * UCI protocol for chess variants by Evert Glebbeek, CCC, October 28, 2014 » UCI

2015 ...
2016 2017 2018
 * Something from the poker domain by Steven Edwards, CCC, January 09, 2015
 * Most common chess variant? by Stefano Gemma, CCC, April 15, 2015 » Chess Variants
 * Game of the Generals by Ferdinand Mosca, CCC, April 17, 2015
 * Grande Acedrex by Harm Geert Muller, CCC, January 04, 2016
 * New chess variant by Evert Glebbeek, CCC, June 06, 2016
 * Photographing Chess Clock by Harm Geert Muller, CCC, October 10, 2016
 * The Peace-Chess Challenge by Harm Geert Muller, CCC, September 24, 2017 » Chess Variants
 * best board representation for variants (javascript) ? by Mahmoud Uthman, CCC, December 10, 2017 » Board Representation, JavaScript
 * A Chess variant with low draw rate by Kai Laskos, CCC, January 19, 2018 » Chess Variants

2020 ...
2021
 * Game-terminating moves (variant stuff) by Harm Geert Muller, CCC, June 09, 2020 » Moves
 * Chess varinat engine questions by Alexander Litov, CCC, June 25, 2020
 * What exactly does "weakly" and "strongly" solved games mean by Emanuel Torres, CCC, June 18, 2021
 * Re: What exactly does "weakly" and "strongly" solved games mean by John Kominek, CCC, June 19, 2021

=External Links=
 * Games played at the Computer Olympiad
 * Game from Wikipedia
 * Association for the Study of Play (TASP)
 * Cameron's Games Page by Cameron Browne

Type of Games

 * Abstract strategy game from Wikipedia
 * Adventure game from Wikipedia
 * Alternate reality game from Wikipedia
 * Arcade game from Wikipedia
 * Board game from Wikipedia
 * Business game from Wikipedia
 * Card game from Wikipedia
 * Casino game from Wikipedia
 * Connection game from Wikipedia
 * Electronic game from Wikipedia
 * First-person shooter from Wikipedia
 * Gambling from Wikipedia
 * Game of chance from Wikipedia
 * Game of skill from Wikipedia
 * German-style board game from Wikipedia
 * Kriegsspiel (wargame) from Wikipedia
 * List of dice games from Wikipedia
 * Mancala games from Wikipedia
 * Massively multiplayer online game from Wikipedia
 * Massively multiplayer online role-playing game from Wikipedia
 * Mathematical game from Wikipedia
 * Mathematical puzzle from Wikipedia
 * Mind games from Wikipedia
 * Multi-armed bandit from Wikipedia
 * Multiplayer video game from Wikipedia
 * Online game from Wikipedia
 * Paper-and-pencil game from Wikipedia
 * Pinball from Wikipedia
 * Puzzle from Wikipedia
 * Real-time strategy from Wikipedia
 * Redemption game from Wikipedia
 * Role-playing game (RPG) from Wikipedia
 * Role-playing video game from Wikipedia
 * Shooter game from Wikipedia
 * Serious game from Wikipedia
 * Simulation game from Wikipedia
 * Simulation video game from Wikipedia
 * Slot machine from Wikipedia
 * Sports game from Wikipedia
 * Strategy game from Wikipedia
 * Strategy video game from Wikipedia
 * Tabletop game from Wikipedia
 * Tile-based game from Wikipedia
 * Video game from Wikipedia
 * Wargaming from Wikipedia

Sport

 * Ancient Olympic Games from Wikipedia
 * Chess boxing from Wikipedia
 * Chess Olympiad from Wikipedia
 * Memory sport from Wikipedia
 * Mind sport from Wikipedia
 * Mind Sports Organisation from Wikipedia
 * Olympic Games from Wikipedia
 * Sport from Wikipedia

Cue sports

 * Cue sports from Wikipedia
 * International Computational Billiards Championships from Stanford Computational Billiards

Robot sports

 * Robot competition from Wikipedia
 * RoboCup from Wikipedia

Game theory

 * Algorithmic game theory from Wikipedia
 * Centipede game (game theory) from Wikipedia
 * Combinatorial game theory from Wikipedia
 * Combinatorial Game Theory by David Eppstein
 * Complete information from Wikipedia
 * Continuous game from Wikipedia
 * Cooperative game from Wikipedia
 * Determinacy from Wikipedia
 * Differential game from Wikipedia
 * Evolutionary game theory from Wikipedia
 * Evolutionarily stable strategy from Wikipedia
 * Extensive-form game from Wikipedia
 * Folk theorem (game theory) from Wikipedia
 * Game theory from Wikipedia
 * Glossary of game theory from Wikipedia
 * Impartial game from Wikipedia
 * List of games in game theory from Wikipedia
 * Metagaming from Wikipedia
 * Nash equilibrium from Wikipedia
 * Non-cooperative game from Wikipedia
 * Partisan game from Wikipedia
 * Perfect information from Wikipedia
 * Prisoner's dilemma from Wikipedia
 * Pursuit-evasion from Wikipedia
 * Repeated game from Wikipedia
 * Self-confirming equilibrium from Wikipedia
 * Sequential game from Wikipedia
 * Situation awareness from Wikipedia
 * Stochastic game from Wikipedia
 * Strategy (game theory) from Wikipedia
 * Strategic dominance from Wikipedia
 * Symmetric game from Wikipedia
 * Tit for tat from Wikipedia
 * Unscrupulous diner's dilemma from Wikipedia
 * Zero–sum game from Wikipedia

Solving

 * Solved game from Wikipedia
 * Solving chess from Wikipedia

Player

 * Gamer from Wikipedia
 * Kibitzer from Wikipedia
 * Multiplayer game from Wikipedia
 * n-player game from Wikipedia
 * Player (game) from Wikipedia
 * Single-player video game from Wikipedia
 * Two-player game from Wikipedia

Agents

 * Agent-based model
 * Agent (economics)
 * Intelligent agent
 * Multi-agent system

Games Scholars

 * Robert Charles Bell from Wikipedia
 * David Parlett from Wikipedia

Game Theory

 * Combinatorial Game Theory 2008, Banff International Research Station, richmlow - Picasa
 * Elwyn Berlekamp, Noam Elkies, Aviezri Fraenkel, Philip Henderson, Martin Müller et al.


 * Combinatorial Game Theory 2011, Banff International Research Station
 * Elwyn Berlekamp, Tristan Cazenave, Aviezri Fraenkel, Martin Müller et al.

Organizations

 * International Abstract Games Organization
 * International Computer Games Association » ICGA
 * International Game Developers Association (IGDA) » François-Dominic Laramée
 * Elliott Avedon Virtual Museum of Games, University of Waterloo

Online

 * Little Golem - online board games by Richard Malaschitz
 * Little Golem - FAQ by Edward D. Collins

Blogs

 * Designing The Best Board Game On The Planet | FiveThirtyEight by Oliver Roeder, December 31, 2014
 * The Worst Board Games Ever Invented | FiveThirtyEight by Oliver Roeder, January 08, 2015
 * Computers Are Learning How To Treat Cancer And Diabetes By Playing Poker And Atari | FiveThirtyEight by Oliver Roeder, January 20, 2015

Misc

 * Logic and Games (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
 * Game Theory - The Mathematics of Strategy by Erica Klarreich
 * The Chess and Games Library by Jean-Louis Cazaux
 * Cameron's Games Page by Cameron Browne
 * Digenetics - the Evolution Has Begun
 * Torus Games - players who master the games on the Torus may move on to try them on the more challenging Klein bottle
 * BoardGameGeek from Wikipedia
 * The Big Game Hunter | Games old and new — the history, the products, the companies and the people involved with board games, card games, skill & action games and parlor games
 * Conway's Game of Life
 * 3-Hirn-Verlag by Ingo Althöfer, Games, Books and Software (German)
 * DAWN 11/15 A game of strategy for two players, on the current asteroid mission of NASA by Ingo Althöfer


 * Hans Magnus Enzensberger (1997). The Number Devil (German: Der Zahlenteufel)
 * Chick Corea - What Game Shall We Play Today (Alternate Take 2), Return To Forever debut album of Return to Forever, 1972, YouTube Video
 * featuring Stanley Clarke, Flora Purim, Airto Moreira, and Joe Farrell


 * Casiopea vs. The Square - Eccentric Games, YouTube Video

=References= Up one Level