Paradise

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Paradise, (Pattern recognition applied to directing search) a knowledge based chess program written at Stanford University in the late 70s by David Wilkins. Paradise was written in MacLisp, a dialect of the Lisp programming language developed at MIT within Project MAC. Paradise' goal was to find the best move in tactically sharp middlegame positions from the game of chess masters.

=Pattern and Plans= Like human players, the program had a large number of stored "patterns", and analyzing a position involved matching these patterns to suggest plans for attack or defense. By communicating plans down the tree, the analysis was verified and possibly corrected by a small search of the game tree (tens of positions) inluding specialized causality facility and quiescence search. There were production rules to produce plans, implementing such concepts as checkmate, fork, skewer, and trapping the piece, etc..

A plan generator produced tactical plans in a Plan Language. The program is capable of finding very deep combinations because no limit is placed on its search depth. It searches for moves as long as a plan is continuing to work.

=Win at Chess= While Paradise was able to solve most of 92 positions picked from the first 100 from Win at Chess, with averaged three minutes thirty-three seconds for each solved position on a PDP-10, it was not able to play a complete reasonable game of chess due not further implemented knowledge employable in strategic, none-tactical positions, especially during the endgame. Controlling the search by recognizers, i.e. the amount to extend or to reduce if a move is accordant to a plan or not is still hot topic.

=See also=
 * CAPS
 * Eden
 * Knowledge
 * Pattern Recognition
 * Planner
 * Planning
 * Symbolic

=Publications=
 * David Wilkins (1979). Using Patterns and Plans to Solve Problems and Control Search. Ph.D. thesis, Computer Science Dept, Stanford University, AI Lab Memo AIM-329
 * David Wilkins (1980). Using patterns and plans in chess. Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 14, reprinted (1988) in Computer Chess Compendium
 * David Wilkins (1982). Using Knowledge to Control Tree Searching. Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 18
 * David Wilkins (1983). Using chess knowledge to reduce search. Chess Skill in Man and Machine, Ch. 10, 2nd edition
 * Tony Marsland (1987). Computer Chess Methods. Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence, John Wiley & sons, mentions Paradise on pp. 27
 * David Wilkins (1991). Working notes on Paradise chess patterns. Technical Note 509, AI Center, SRI International, pdf
 * Jussi Tella (1997). Planning in Games. Seminar on Knowledge Engineering, Fall 1997, Helsinki University of Technology
 * Eric B. Baum (2004). What is Thought? Bradford Book, Paradise mentioned at pp. 193
 * Tristan Caulfield (2004). Acquiring and Using Knowledge in Computer Chess. B.Sc. Computer Science, University of Bath, pdf, 4.2.2 PARADISE, pp. 12
 * Diego Rasskin-Gutman (2009). Chess Metaphors - Artificial Intelligence and the Human Mind. translated by Deborah Klosky, MIT Press, 5 Chess Metaphors: Searches and Heuristics, pp. 125, Paradise pp. 136

=Forum Posts=
 * Wilkins' PARADISE etc. by Nicolai Czempin, rgc, November 11, 1989
 * PARADISE 2 by Trefor Deane, CCC, July 04, 1998
 * Paradise performance by Steven Edwards, CCC, August 22, 2003
 * Comparison: Paradise and Symbolic by Steven Edwards, CCC, February 13, 2004 » Symbolic

=External Links=
 * Paradise (disambiguation) from Wikipedia
 * Paradise from Wikipedia
 * Paradise garden from Wikipedia
 * Garden of Eden from Wikipedia
 * Paradiso (disambiguation) from Wikipedia
 * Paradise Lost from Wikipedia
 * Sade - Paradise (1987), YouTube Video

=References=

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