TR 440

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TR 440, (TR440, TR-440, Telefunken-Rechner 440), a West-German general purpose 48-bit mainframe computer developed from 1964 until 1971 by Telefunken as successor of the TR-4, later manufactured by AEG Telefunken and Computer Gesellschaft Konstanz. The development team was headed by Eike Jessen. The TR 440 introduced paging, multiple modes of operation, multiprocessing (two or three processors), vastly extended memory, satellite configurations (TR 86) and included innovative system software, as the time-sharing operating system BS3.

=Universities= A first TR 440 was shipped in 1969 to the Darmstadt German computing center. In total, 45 TR 440 computers were manufactured, many delivered to German universities during the early 70s, such as Ruhr University Bochum , University of Düsseldorf, RWTH Aachen, University of Munich and Technical University of Munich via Leibniz Supercomputing Centre of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities , University of Würzburg, University of Hamburg , Technical University of Berlin, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, University of Tübingen, University of Stuttgart, University of Konstanz, Saarland University , Kaiserslautern University of Technology , University of Marburg , Clausthal University of Technology and Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht.

=Block Diagram= TR 440 block diagram

=Architecture= The TR 440 central processor (Zentraler Rechner), dubbed RD 441, had four units (Werke), the instruction unit (Befehlswerk), accumulator based ALU (Rechenwerk), memory unit (Speicherwerk) and I/O-unit (Ein- Ausgabewerk) with 4 fast (used for data storage, drum memory ) and 12 standard I/O-channels (tapes, satellite computer), all four units connected by a priority unit (Vorrangwerk). The TR-4 compatible architecture used a word size of 52 bits, consisting of 48 data bits, 2 type bits (00 - floating point, 38 bit normalized mantissa, 01 - integer/fixed point (Ones' complement), 10 - opcode 2x24 bit, 11 - 8 six bit text characters) and 2 bit checksum (Dreierprobe). Instructions operate on words, half- and double words and bytes of 4, 6, 7 or 12 bits, as well as random word areas inside a register or memory.

=Technology= The TR 440 was build from small-scale integration (SSI) monolithic integrated circuits of about 10 transistors and modules of 16 K core memory. Its speed was about 800,000 instructions per second. Beside standard peripherals, teletypewriter and CRT monitor, the TR 440 already had a ball-based mouse as pointing device dubbed.

=Chess Programs=
 * Daja by Siegfried Jahn and Ludwig Zagler,  Technical University of Munich, 1974
 * Elsa by Ludwig Zagler, Technical University of Munich, 1977
 * Schach MV 5,6 by Helmut Richter, University of Hamburg, 1971

=See also=
 * Jugend Forscht - Wolfgang Stahn and Kai Himstedt
 * TR-4

=Publications=
 * Friedrich v. Sydow, Gunter Stadie, et al. (1970). TR440 System Overview. Internet Archive (German)
 * Eike Jessen, Dieter Michel, Hans-Jürgen Siegert, Heinz Voigt (2010). The AEG-Telefunken TR 440 Computer: Company and Large-Scale Computer Strategy. IEEE Annals, Vol. 32, No. 3
 * Eike Jessen, Dieter Michel, Hans-Jürgen Siegert, Heinz Voigt (2010). Structure, Technology, and Development of the AEG-Telefunken TR 440 Computer. IEEE Annals, Vol. 32, No. 3
 * Hans-Jürgen Siegert (2010). The German TR 440 Computer: Software and Its Development. IEEE Annals, Vol. 32, No. 3

=External Links=

TR 440

 * TR 440 from Wikipedia.de (German)
 * Aeg-Telefunken :: TR440 :: N31.B0.04E TR-440 Intro Mar71 : Free Download & Streaming, Internet Archive
 * Index of /pdf/aeg-telefunken/tr440 from bitsavers.org
 * TR 440 Große Befehlsliste - Instruction Set List (pdf)


 * Virtuelles Computermuseum by Hartwig Becker with TR 440 text and images (German)
 * TR 440 images
 * TR 440 kernspeicher (core memory)

Computerwoche on TR 440

 * Politische Aufträge für deutsche Großrechner, October 03, 1975, Computerwoche (German)
 * Nach Unidata-Ende: TR 440 statt Iris 80: Deutsches Geld für deutschen Rechner, October 10, 1975, Computerwoche
 * Computerschach: Mini besiegt Maxi, October 17, 1975, Computerwoche » First GI Computer Chess Tournament
 * Leibniz-Rechenzentrum braucht 39fache TR-440-Leistung: Polit-Gerangel um 30-Millionen-Jumbo, October 31, 1975, Computerwoche
 * PL1-Compiler für TR 440, January 09, 1976, Computerwoche
 * TR 440 - Rechnerverbund, June 04, 1976, Computerwoche
 * Amdahl 470 V6 für Oberpfaffenhofen, October 08, 1976, Computerwoche » Amdahl 470v/6
 * STARG-Tagung in Konstanz:: Erfahrungsaustausch der TR-440-Benutzer, October 06, 1978, Computerwoche
 * Umstellungshilfe mit BMFT-Förderung:: Ausmusterung der TR440 erleichtert, March 12, 1982, Computerwoche
 * DV-OIdies: Antiquität oder leistungsgerechtes System, August 29, 1986, Computerwoche
 * Heimatlose Sammlung bald unter einem neuen Dach: Computermuseum Schleswig-Holstein geht an die FH Kiel, July 06, 1990, Computerwoche
 * Prof. Eike Jessen, TU München - Die wichtigsten deutschen IT-Persönlichkeiten: Die Hall of Fame der IT, August 21, 2014, Computerwoche

=References=

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