Rule of the Square

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The Rule of the Square is a didactic auxiliary expedient in king versus opponent passed pawn races in very late endings, basically pawn endgames or even KPK, assuming the passer may not supported and the king has no obstructions otherwise. It is based on the Chebyshev distance due to possible diagonal king moves. If the king stays outside the Square of the Pawn, the passer to move is guaranteed to promote without being immediately captured by the king afterwards. =The Square of the Pawn= The Square (of squares) is defined vertically by the passer's front fill with the horizontal edge in king direction, who is assumed on a different file either on the luff- or lee side of the passer. If the respective side span is shorter than the front span due to border restrictions, the "Square" becomes oblong. The square of a pawn, usually including the pawn itself except the home rank, due to double step ability, has a maximum size of six times six squares.

King to move may enter the "Square" to catch the passer: ...(+...)./...(+...)./...(+...)./...(P+++)./.......k/......../......../........

=Area of Hope= The whole area, where a king may catch the passer latest after queening, is the union of both squares from both luff- and lee directions. (...+...)./(...+...)./(...+...)./(+++P+++)./......../......../......../........

=Implementation= The complete area is already implicit in what most programs do, comparisons of absolute Chebyshev distance from king- and pawn squares to promotion square considering side to move aka tempo and possible double step of the passer. if ( min( 5, distance(pawnSq, promoSq) ) < (distance(kingSq, promoSq) - king2move) ) pawn can safely promote =Sample Game= During the ACM 1984, last round 4, in Nuchess (2/3) versus Cray Blitz (3/3), it seemed as if Nuchess would win, forcing a massive tie for first place. The decisive position anatomized by Boris Baczynskyj : After 44... Nc8, the following position was found on the board.
 * 2n1k1r1/p7/3B1Rp1/2P2pKp/8/4P1P1/5P1P/8

2n1k1r1/p7/3B1Rp1/2P2pKp/8/4P1P1/5P1P/8 w - - 17 45 While Nuchess has hardly produced an immortal gem of chess, its performance so far has been fairly thematic - for a computer. White is up a Pawn, but an even more important factor in its favor is the superior activity of all three of its pieces. One good move is 45.Kh6, threatening to trap the black Rook with 46.Kh7. Another approach toward a win is 45.Be5, and the threat of 46.Rxg6 forces 46...Ne7, after which White shifts the Rook by 47.Ra6, and Black has to lose more material. Instead, Nuchess played 45. Rxg6?? This is the move which turned a win into a loss, and allowed Cray to clinch its undisputed first. White wins a second Pawn, but in the coming Pawn ending its material edge is worthless as the white King is too far removed to cope with Black's lone, but distant passed a-Pawn. William Blanchard of the Nuchess team dejectedly confirmed that this program failed to include the principle of the King having to be inside the square of the Pawn to catch it. Of course, Nuchess's search did not extend so deeply that it could see the a-Pawn queening. Hyatt said that Cray knew about the square of the Pawn rule, but that this was the first time he was aware the principle was relevant to the computer's move choice...

ACM 1984, round 4, Nuchess - Cray Blitz [Event "ACM 1984"] [Site "San Francisco USA"] [Date "1984.10.09"] [Round "4"] [White "Nuchess"] [Black "Cray Blitz"] [Result "0-1"]

1.c4 e5 2.Nc3 Bb4 3.a3 Bxc3 4.dxc3 Ne7 5.g3 d5 6.cxd5 Qxd5 7.Qxd5 Nxd5 8.Bg2 Nb6 9.a4 O-O 10.a5 Nc4 11.Ra4 Nd6 12.a6 Nd7 13.Be3 Nb6 14.Rh4 Rd8 15.axb7 Bxb7 16.Bxb7 Nxb7 17.Nf3 Rd5 18.c4 Ra5 19.O-O Ra2 20.Rd1 Rxb2 21.c5 Nc8 22.Rd7 f6 23.Rg4 g6 24.Rh4 h5 25.Rxc7 Nd8 26.Ra4 Rb7 27.Rxb7 Nxb7 28.Ra6 Kf7 29.Nd2 Nd8 30.Ne4 f5 31.Ng5+ Kg7 32.Nf3 Nf7 33.Nxe5 Nxe5 34.Bd4 Kg8 35.Bxe5 Ne7 36.e3 Kf7 37.Rf6+ Kg8 38.Kg2 Rc8 39.Kf3 Re8 40.Ra6 Ra8 41.Kf4 Kf7 42.Kg5 Rg8 43.Rf6+ Ke8 44.Bd6 Nc8 45.Rxg6 Rxg6+ 46.Kxg6 Nxd6 47.cxd6 a5 48.g4 hxg4 49.Kxf5 a4 50.e4 a3 51.Kxg4 a2 52.e5 a1=Q 53.f4 Qg1+ 54.Kf5 Qxh2 55.e6 Qc2+ 0-1

=See also=
 * Pawn Race
 * Promotions
 * Réti Endgame Study
 * Set-wise Rule of the Square
 * Unstoppable Passer

=Forum Posts=
 * Square-of-the-pawn by Stuart Cracraft, CCC, January 13, 1998
 * Rule of Square test position by Charles Roberson, CCC, May 15, 2008
 * Rule of the square by Mikael, FishCooking, September 24, 2014 » Stockfish

=External Links=
 * Rule of the square from King and pawn versus king endgame from Wikipedia
 * Rule of the Square from Chess/The Endgame/Pawn Endings - Wikibooks
 * Square from Wikipedia
 * Steps Ahead - Steppin Out Album Preview, 2016, YouTube Video
 * feat. Mike Mainieri, Bill Evans, Chuck Loeb, Tom Kennedy, Steve Smith and the WDR Big Band conducted by Mike Abene

=References= Up one Level