Kotok-McCarthy-Program

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The Kotok-McCarthy-Program, also known as "A Chess Playing Program for the IBM 7090 Computer" was the first computer program to play chess convincingly. Between 1959 and 1962, while student of John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Alan Kotok and his fellows Elwyn Berlekamp, Michael A. Lieberman, Charles Niessen and Robert A. Wagner wrote a chess program for the IBM 7090. Based on Alex Bernstein's 1957 program and routines by McCarthy and Paul W. Abrahams, they added alpha-beta pruning to minmax, at McCarthy's suggestion. The Kotok-McCarthy-Program was written in Fortran and FAP, the IBM 7090 macro assembler.

= Type B= Kotok-McCarthy was a selective Shannon Type B kind of program. It considered only a few plausible moves as function of increasing ply

{4, 3, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0}

and therefor had some tactical flaws.

=Stanford-ITEP Match= see main article Stanford-ITEP Match

After graduated from MIT, Kotok lost interest in computer chess but his program remained alive. When McCarthy left MIT to take charge of the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at Stanford, he took Kotok's program with him and improved it's searching. At the end of 1966 a four game match began between the Kotok-McCarthy program, running on a IBM 7090 computer, and a program developed at the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP) in Moscow which used a Soviet M-2 computer. The match played over nine months was won 3-1 by the The ITEP program, despite playing on slower hardware.

=Quotes=

=See also=
 * The Bernstein Chess Program
 * History of Computer Chess
 * Stanford-ITEP Match
 * Type B Search in Mac Hack VI

=Publications=
 * Alan Kotok (1962). Artificial Intelligence Project - MIT Computation Center: Memo 41 - A Chess Playing Program. pdf
 * Alan Kotok (1962). A Chess Playing Program for the IBM 7090. B.S. Thesis, MIT, AI Project Memo 41, Computation Center, Cambridge MA. pdf
 * Michael Brudno (2000). Competitions, Controversies, and Computer Chess, pdf

=External Links=
 * Kotok-McCarthy-Program from Wikipedia
 * Classic Computer Chess - ... The programs of yesteryear by Carey, hosted by the Internet Archive
 * Opening Moves: Origins of Computer Chess from The Computer History Museum

=References= Up one Level