Hardware

Home * Hardware

=Basics=
 * Combinatorial Logic
 * Memory
 * Sequential Logic
 * Von Neumann architecture

=Special Purpose Hardware=

Dedicated Chess Hardware

 * Electro-Mechanical
 * Analog Evaluation
 * Integrated Circuits
 * VLSI Design
 * CHEOPS
 * Berkeley Chess Microprocessor
 * Dedicated Chess Computers

Programmable Logics

 * PAL - Programmable array logic
 * GAL - Generic array logic
 * CPLD - Complex programmable Logic Device
 * FPGA - Field-programmable gate array

Famous Chess Machines

 * El Ajedrecista
 * Belle
 * HiTech
 * ChipTest
 * Deep Thought
 * Deep Blue
 * Hydra

=General Purpose Hardware=

Historic Computers

 * Ferranti Mark 1
 * MANIAC I
 * IBM 704
 * M-2
 * JOHNNIAC

Amdahl

 * Amdahl 470

CDC

 * CDC 6600
 * CDC Cyber

Cray

 * Cray-1
 * Cray X-MP
 * Cray T3D
 * Cray T3E

Honeywell

 * Honeywell 6000 (GE-600)

IBM

 * IBM 7090
 * IBM 360
 * IBM 370

ICL ...

 * ICL 4/70
 * Lomonosov Supercomputer
 * M-20

PDP

 * PDP-6
 * PDP-10

Siemens/Fujitsu

 * Siemens-System 7.800

TR

 * TR-4
 * TR 440

UNIVAC

 * UNIVAC 418
 * UNIVAC 494
 * UNIVAC 1100

Massively Parallel

 * Connection Machine
 * nCUBE
 * Paragon

Minis & Workstations

 * HP 2100
 * HP 3000
 * HP 9000
 * Interdata M85
 * Nova
 * PDP-1
 * PDP-8
 * PDP-11
 * SMS 201
 * SPARCstation
 * Sun-1 - Sun-4
 * VAX

Single Board Computers

 * Arduino
 * KIM-1
 * pcDuino
 * Raspberry Pi
 * UDOO

Home Computers
Home- and Personal Computers
 * Acorn Computers Ltd
 * Acorn Atom
 * BBC Micro
 * Acorn Archimedes


 * Amstrad CPC
 * Apple computers
 * Apple II
 * Macintosh


 * Atari 8-bit
 * Atari ST


 * Commodore PET
 * Commodore VIC-20
 * Commodore 64
 * Commodore 128
 * Amiga


 * Gigatron
 * IBM PC
 * Sinclair ZX81
 * ZX Spectrum


 * TRS-80

Mobile Computers
from Wikipedia
 * Handheld electronic game
 * Handheld game console
 * Mobile device
 * Personal digital assistant
 * Palm

=µ-Processors & Controller=
 * Mobile phone
 * PIC Microcontroller

8-bit

 * Fairchild F8
 * H8
 * 8080 by Intel
 * 6800 by Motorola
 * 6502 by MOS Technology
 * Z80 by Zilog

16-bit

 * 8086 by Intel
 * 80286 by Intel
 * Z8000 by Zilog
 * TMS-99000 by Texas Instruments
 * 6809 by Motorola

32-bit

 * x86 by Intel and AMD
 * 68000 by Motorola (external 16 bit databus)
 * 68020 by Motorola
 * 68030 by Motorola
 * ARM2 by Acorn Computers Ltd
 * ARM6 by Advanced RISC Machines Ltd
 * ARM11 by Advanced RISC Machines Ltd
 * PowerPC by Apple, IBM and Motorola
 * SPARC V7/V8 by Sun Microsystems

Transputer

 * T800 by Inmos

64-bit

 * DEC Alpha by Digital Equipment Corporation
 * i860 by Intel
 * Itanium by Intel
 * x86-64 or x64 by AMD and Intel
 * PowerPC 620 by Apple, IBM and Motorola
 * PowerPC G5 by IBM
 * SPARC V9 by Sun Microsystems

=Misc=
 * GPU
 * Sensory Board

=Publications=

1960 ...

 * Martin H. Weik (1961). A Third Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems. Report No. 1115

1970 ...

 * Gordon Bell, Allen Newell (1971). Computer Structures: Readings and Examples. McGraw-Hill, ISBN-13: 978-0070043572, amazon
 * Ozalp Babaoglu (1977). Hardware implementation of the legal move generation and relative ordering functions for the game of chess. Master's thesis, University of California, Berkeley
 * John Moussouris, Jack Holloway, Richard Greenblatt (1979). CHEOPS: A Chess-orientated Processing System. Machine Intelligence 9 (Jean Hayes Michie, Donald Michie and L.I. Mikulich editors) Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1979, pp. 351-360. Reprinted (1988) in Computer Chess Compendium » CHEOPS

1980 ...

 * Joe Condon, Ken Thompson (1982). Belle Chess Hardware. Advances in Computer Chess 3, Reprinted (1988) in Computer Chess Compendium » Belle
 * Carl Ebeling, Andrew James Palay (1984). The Design and Implementation of a VLSI Chess Move Generator. Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture. IEEE and ACM.
 * Carl Ebeling (1986). All the Right Moves: A VLSI Architecture for Chess. Ph.D. thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-05035-8, amazon.com » HiTech
 * Feng-hsiung Hsu (1986). Two designs of functional units for VLSI based chess machines. Carnegie Mellon University, Computer Science Department. Paper 1566. » ChipTest
 * Feng-hsiung Hsu (1987). A Two-Million Moves/Sec CMOS Single-Chip Chess Move Generator. IEEE J. of Solid-state Circuits, Vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 841-846.

1990 ...

 * James Testa, Alvin M. Despain (1990). A CMOS VLSI chess microprocessor. University of California, Berkeley, IEEE Custom Integrated Circuit Conference
 * Feng-hsiung Hsu, Murray Campbell, Joe Hoane (1995). Deep Blue System Overview. International Conference on Supercomputing, 1995: 240-244 » Deep Blue
 * Yi-Fan Ke (1996). A parallel hardware architecture for accelerating computer chess system-平行電腦象棋系統架構之設計及研究. Ph.D. thesis, National Taiwan University
 * Yi-Fan Ke, Tai-Ming Parng (1996). A Parallel Hardware Architecture for Accelerating α-β Game Tree. IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems, September, 1996, pp. 1232-1240
 * Feng-hsiung Hsu (1999). IBM’s Deep Blue Chess Grandmaster Chips. IEEE Micro, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Mar-Apr), pp. 70-81. ISSN 0272-1732. pdf

2000 ...

 * Marc Boulé (2002). An FPGA Move Generator for the Game of Chess. Masters thesis, McGill University, (Supervisor: Zeljko Zilic, Co-Supervisor: Monty Newborn), pdf
 * Marc Boulé, Zeljko Zilic (2002). An FPGA Move Generator for the Game of Chess. ICGA Journal, Vol. 25, No. 2, pdf
 * Chrilly Donninger, Ulf Lorenz (2004). The Chess Monster Hydra in Field Programmable Logic and Application, 14th International Conference, FPL 2004, Leuven, Belgium, August 30-September 1, 2004. Proceedings, pp 927-932. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, ISBN 978-3-540-22989-6, pdf
 * Samuel T. King, Joseph Tucek, Anthony Cozzie, Chris Grier, Weihang Jiang, Yuanyuan Zhou (2008). Designing and Implementing Malicious Hardware. LEET 2008, pdf

=Forum Posts=
 * Computer chess and processor speed in 20 years from now... by Chris, CCC, February 26, 2003
 * hardware advances - a different perspective by Robert Hyatt, CCC, September 09, 2010
 * old crafty vs new crafty on new hardware by Robert Hyatt, CCC, September 11, 2010 » Knowledge, Crafty
 * Final results - Crafty - hardware vs software by Robert Hyatt, CCC, September 13, 2010 » Software, Crafty
 * hardware doubling number for Crafty by Robert Hyatt, CCC, September 15, 2010 » Crafty
 * Good question: What % improvement is hardware vs. software? by Jonathan Lee, CCC, January 17, 2014
 * Moore's Law by Mark Lefler, CCC, March 16, 2016
 * The Gigatron project by Harm Geert Muller, CCC, December 06, 2017 » Gigatron

=External Links=
 * Hardware (disambiguation) from Wikipedia
 * Personal computer hardware from Wikipedia
 * History of computing hardware from Wikipedia
 * Minicomputer "Museum" by Carl Friend
 * The Rhode Island Computer Museum
 * The Personal Computer Museum, Brantford, Ontario, Canada - Computers
 * Computer 50 - The University of Manchester Celebrates the Birth of the Modern Computer
 * Moore's law from Wikipedia
 * After Moore's law | Technology Quarterly | The Economist, March 12, 2016
 * 8-bit color computer from TTL by Marcel van Kervinck, Hackaday.io, 2017 » Gigatron

=References=

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