Selectivity

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Selectivity gives a whiff of Shannon's Type B search to Shannon's Type A or brute-force. The goal is to search "interesting" and forced branches which are or are likely to become part of the principal variation deeper than nominal, but to reduce uninteresting branches.

=Extensions=
 * Botvinnik-Markoff Extension
 * Capture Extensions
 * Check Extensions
 * Mate Threat Extensions
 * One Reply Extensions
 * Passed Pawn Extensions
 * PV Extensions
 * Recapture Extensions
 * SEX Algorithm
 * Singular Extensions

=Pruning=
 * AEL-Pruning
 * Delta Pruning
 * Enhanced Forward Pruning
 * Futility Pruning
 * History Leaf Pruning
 * Mate Distance Pruning
 * Move Count Based Pruning (Late Move Pruning)
 * Multi-Cut
 * Null Move Pruning
 * Parity Pruning
 * ProbCut
 * Reverse Futility Pruning
 * Uncertainty Cut-Offs

=Reductions=
 * Fail-High Reductions - FHR
 * Late Move Reductions - LMR
 * Null Move Reductions
 * RankCut
 * Razoring

=See also=
 * Bobby's Strategic Quiescence Search
 * Parallelism and Selectivity in Game Tree Search | Video, Talk by Tord Romstad
 * Quiescence Search
 * Selective Search (Magazine)
 * Selective Search versus Brute Force - Conference at WCCC 1986

=Publications=

1970 ...

 * Russell M. Church, Kenneth W. Church (1977). Plans, Goals, and Search Strategies for the Selection of a Move in Chess. Chess Skill in Man and Machine

1980 ...

 * Hermann Kaindl (1983). Searching to Variable Depth in Computer Chess. Proceedings of IJCAI 83, pp. 760-762. Karlsruhe. pdf
 * Don Beal (1986). Selective Search without Tears. ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 2
 * Hermann Kaindl, Helmut Horacek, Marcus Wagner (1986). Selective Search versus Brute Force. ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 3
 * David Levy, David Broughton, Mark Taylor (1989). The SEX Algorithm in Computer Chess. ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 1

1990 ...

 * Chun Ye (1992). Experiments in Selective Search Extensions. MSc. thesis, Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, pdf
 * Chun Ye, Tony Marsland (1992). Selective Extensions in Game-Tree Search. Heuristic Programming in AI 3
 * Javier Ros Padilla (1994). Estimating Asymmetry and Selectivity in Chess Programs. ICCA Journal, Vol. 17, No. 1
 * Deniz Yuret (1994). The Principle of Pressure in Chess. TAINN 1994
 * Lev Finkelstein, Shaul Markovitch (1998). Learning to Play Chess Selectively by Acquiring Move Patterns. ICCA Journal, Vol. 21, No. 2, pdf
 * Rainer Feldmann, Burkhard Monien (1998). Selective Game Tree Search on a Cray T3E. ps

2000 ...

 * Paul E. Utgoff, Richard P. Cochran (2000). A Least-Certainty Heuristic for Selective Search. CG 2000, pdf » LCF
 * Yngvi Björnsson, Tony Marsland (2000). Selective Depth-First Search Methods. in Jaap van den Herik, Hiroyuki Iida (eds.) (2000). Games in AI Research. Universiteit Maastricht, pdf preprint
 * Ulf Lorenz, Burkhard Monien (2002). The Secret of Selective Game Tree Search, When Using Random-Error Evaluations. Proceedings of 19th Annual Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS)
 * Pálmi Skowronski (2009). Gradual Focus: A Method for Automated Feature Discovery in Selective Search. MSc-Thesis, pdf

2010 ...

 * Omid David, Moshe Koppel, Nathan S. Netanyahu (2010). Optimizing Selective Search in Chess. ICML - Workshop on Machine Learning and Games
 * Maarten Schadd (2011). Selective Search in Games of Different Complexity. Ph.D. Thesis. Department of Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht University

=Forum Posts=

1998 ...

 * A new selective heuristic? by Frank Schneider, CCC, June 21, 1998 » Reductions

2000 ...

 * Selective Searching by Bob Durrett, rgcc, November 19, 2000
 * pruning vs extensions vs qsearch - are these all effectively the same? by Scott Farrell, CCC, November 27, 2002
 * Evaluation-based Reductions and/or Extensions by Tom Likens, CCC, December 28, 2003
 * extensions + reductions + pruning = confusion by Johan de Koning, CCC, March 24, 2004 (was Shredder 8 secret: search depth?)
 * Extension - Reductions and threats by mjlef, Winboard Forum, May 17, 2006
 * Extensions/Reductions by Luca Hemmerich, CCC, September 28, 2009

2010 ...

 * Nullmove vs classic selective search by Ed Schröder, CCC, August 04, 2012
 * Houdini 3 reducing the depth feature by Maurizio Maglio, CCC, October 17, 2012 » Houdini
 * selective depth definition by Uri Blass, CCC, February 13, 2014 » Stockfish
 * Is modern chess software lossless or lossy? by Meni Rosenfeld, CCC, January 10, 2018 » Playing Strength
 * Names of selectivity algorithms by Vivien Clauzon, CCC, July 26, 2018
 * delaying tactics: prune or extend? by Harm Geert Muller, CCC, March 10, 2019 » Tactics

=External Links=
 * Living Being Quintet - On the heights, Altitude Jazz Festival 2015, YouTube Video
 * Vincent Peirani, Émile Parisien, Tony Paeleman, Julien Herné, Yoann Serra

=References=

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