The Bernstein Chess Program

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The Bernstein Chess Program, was the first complete chess program, developed in 1957 at Service Bureau Corporation, Madison & 59th Street, Manhattan, New York City, by chess player and programmer at IBM, Alex Bernstein with his colleagues Michael de V. Roberts, Timothy Arbuckle and Martin Belsky, supported by chess advisor Arthur Bisguier , who became IBM employee at that time and in 1957 international chess grandmaster, and supervised by Nathaniel Rochester.

=Shannon Type B= The Bernstein Chess Program was the prototype of a selective forward pruning, Shannon Type B program. On an IBM 704, one of the last vacuum tube computers, it searched four plies minimax in around 8 minutes, considering seven most plausible moves from each position and evaluated material, mobility, area control and king defense.

=Publications=
 * Alex Bernstein, Michael de V. Roberts (1958). Computer vs. Chess-Player. Scientific American, Vol. 198, pp. 96-105. pdf from The Computer History Museum, reprinted 1988 in Computer Chess Compendium
 * Alex Bernstein (1958). A Chess Playing Program for the IBM 704. Chess Review July 1958, pdf from The Computer History Museum
 * Alex Bernstein, Michael de V. Roberts, Timothy Arbuckle, Martin Belsky (1958). A chess playing program for the IBM 704. Proceedings of the 1958 Western Joint Computer Conference, pp. 157-159, Los Angeles, California. pdf from The Computer History Museum
 * Fritz Leiber (1962). The 64-Square Madhouse. Worlds of If

=External Links=
 * The Bernstein Chess Program from The Computer History Museum
 * Classic Computer Chess - ... The programs of yesteryear by Carey, hosted by the Internet Archive
 * Photos by Andreas Feininger, Getty Images
 * Chess Pieces - IBM Research the Deep Blue site
 * Runner-Up - The New Yorker - November 29, 1958
 * Alex Bernstein: juega al ajedrez con un IBM 704 (Thinking Machines), YouTube Video

=References=

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