Thompson's Databases

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Thompson's Databases, a set of up to 5-men and pawnless 6-man databases created by Ken Thompson using the depth to conversion (DTC) metric. Inspired by David Levy's ACM 1974 discussion and bets on perfectly playing KRPKR, Thompson started in the mid 70s to apply retrograde analysis with Belle. Advised by chess endgame expert John Roycroft, he finished the 5-men databases in the mid 80s.

=Four CDs= As soon as CD-ROM technology became affordable, Thompson made his entire set of 5-men databases publicly available on 4 CDs, starting in 1991, containing a compressed, Huffman-encoded file for each material configuration where the materially weaker and hence potentially losing side enjoys the right to move.

=Issues= Thompson's Databases contain exact results if the weaker side to move actually loses, but doesn't discriminate between draws and wins of the apparently weaker side. Due to the Huffman-encoding, multiple random file accesses were necessary. The accordantly slow access time in conjunction with the need for the stronger side to perform an 1-ply search, and the conversion of DTC values to reasonable scores that do not conflict with real mates, made Thompson's Databases difficult to apply deep inside the search, but only suitable as oracle at or near the root. These database issues were addressed by Steven Edwards with his approach, relying on depth to mate (DTM), a complete coverage of all positions with both sides to move, and his so-called tablebase as data vectors by means of a single file access.

=Index Scheme= For none pawn endgames, taking advantage of the fourfold symmetry of the chessboard, Thompson confines the white king to the a8-d8-d5 octant by horizontal, vertical, or diagonal reflections, and further enumerates 462 legal two king configurations, considering the extra symmetry if the white king resides on the long diagonal. The like men of the same type economy was not used. In endgames with pawns, where only horizontal mirroring might be applied, Thompson's Databases confine one piece to either to the queen side or king side flank, and further discards squares on both backranks for pawns.

=Applications= Thompson's Databases (5-men) were used in older versions of ChessBase, Fritz, Shredder and Chess Genius GUIs at the root. They were tried by some earlier versions of DarkThought and Zugzwang inside the tree.

=See also=
 * Edwards' Tablebases
 * Nalimov Tablebases
 * Scotch Versus Vodka
 * Syzygy Bases

=Selected Publications=

1986 ...

 * John Roycroft, Ken Thompson (1986). Queen and Pawn on a2 against Queen. Chess Endgame Consultants and Publishers, London
 * John Roycroft, Ken Thompson (1986). Queen and Pawn on a6 against Queen. Chess Endgame Consultants and Publishers, London
 * John Roycroft, Ken Thompson (1986). Queen and Pawn on b7 against Queen. Chess Endgame Consultants and Publishers, London
 * Jaap van den Herik (1986). Roycroft's 5-Man Chess Endgame Series. ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 3 (review)
 * Ken Thompson (1986). Retrograde Analysis of Certain Endgames. ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 3, pdf
 * Ken Thompson (1986). An Example of QPvQ. ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 4
 * Jaap van den Herik, Bob Herschberg (1987). The KBBKN Statistics: New Data from Ken Thompson. ICCA Journal, Vol. 10, No. 1

1990 ...

 * Ken Thompson (1990). KQPKQ and KRPKR Endings. ICCA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 4
 * Ken Thompson (1991). Chess Endgames Vol. 1. ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1
 * Ken Thompson (1991). New Results for KNPKB and KNPKN Endgames. ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1
 * John Roycroft (1991). A Postscript to the Computer's Involvement. Britisch Chess Magazine, Vol. 111, No. 2
 * Lewis Stiller (1991). Some Results from a Massively Parallel Retrograde Analysis. ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3
 * John Roycroft (1991). A Use for Endgame Databases? ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 4
 * Ken Thompson (1996). 6-Piece Endgames. ICCA Journal, Vol. 19, No. 4
 * Ken Thompson (1997). 6-Piece Endgames. Advances in Computer Chess 8

2000 ...

 * Ken Thompson (2000). The Longest: KRNKNN in 262. ICGA Journal, Vol. 23, No. 1
 * John Tamplin, Guy Haworth (2001). Ken Thompson's 6-man Tables. ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 2

=Forum Posts=
 * is there any program using ken thompson databases in the tree ? by Thorsten Czub, CCC, September 06, 1998
 * Re: End Game Tablebase Files (5-Man) For Crafty by Ernst A. Heinz, rgcc, Novemver 20, 1998
 * Ken Thompson's Endgame DBs....Still no copyright? by John Merlino, April 25, 2000
 * A question about Thompson endgame databases by Ruxy Sylwyka, CCC, September 08, 2011

=External Links=
 * QUEEN vs. ROOK by Warren Stenberg and Edware J. Conway, reprinted from the January, 1979 issue of the Minnesota Chess Journal, The Usenet Oldnews Archive, Compilation Copyright (C) 1981, 1996 Bruce Jones, Henry Spencer, David Wiseman » ACM 1978, Belle, Walter Browne
 * Play Chess with God - 6-Piece Database by Ken Thompson, 2000
 * Can you play this endgame?, ChessBase News, December 07, 2001
 * Index of /chess/egtb/thompson hosted by Kirill Kryukov
 * Highlights Kenneth Thompson Oral History March 7, 2005 Video © 2005 The Computer History Museum
 * Can We Solve Chess One Day? | Gödel's Lost Letter and P=NP by Dick Lipton, May 12, 2010

=References=

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