Deep Blue

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Deep Blue, the IBM sponsored successor of the chess entity Deep Thought. The project initially started in 1985 as ChipTest at Carnegie Mellon University by the computer science doctoral students Feng-hsiung Hsu and Thomas Anantharaman. Murray Campbell, former co-developer of HiTech, joined the ChipTest team a few months later. The program was named Deep Thought after the fictional computer of the same name from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. Hsu and Campbell joined IBM in 1989, Deep Blue was developed out of this. The name is a play on Deep Thought and Big Blue, IBM's nickname. The declared target was to become the strongest chess entity ever and to beat the human world champion, which eventually happened in 1997 versus Garry Kasparov, winning the $100,000 Fredkin prize, awarded at the AAAI Conference in Providence, Rhode Island.

=Description=

1995
Description given in 1995 from the ICGA site : Deep Blue Prototype consists of an IBM RS/6000 workstation with 14 chess search engines as slave processors. Each processor contains a VLSI chip for move generation, as well as additional hardware for search and evaluation. Each Deep Thought 2 processor searches about 500,000 positions per second standalone, or about 400,000 positions per second as a slave processor. (This is about 1/10th of the projected speed of the Deep Blue single-processor currently in fabrication.) The 14-processor Deep Thought 2 typically searches between 3 and 5 million positions per second. When conducting a search, the search tree near the root position is processed on the host workstation, and includes selective search extension algorithms such as singular extensions. The deepest nodes in the search tree are handled by the slave search engines which usually do 4-ply alpha-beta searches.

1997
The 1997 Deep Blue system was based on an IBM RS/6000 SP supercomputer, using 30 workstation nodes of PowerPC processors controlling 16 chess chips each, distributed over two Micro Channel boards. A chess chip features of a full-fledged chess machine on its own, along with move generator, a smart move stack, hardware evaluation function, and an alpha-beta hardware search controller. The search occurs in parallel on two levels, one distributed over the IBM RS/6000 SP switching network and the other over the Micro Channel bus inside a workstation node. A master workstation node first starts the software search exclusively, to distribute work to all 30 workstation nodes only at a certain depth (i.e. 4 plies). After generation an appropriate number of childs and grandchilds etc., the software search per node utilize the 16 chess chips to search the final four plies plus quiescence search in hardware. Since each chess chip could search 2 to 2.5 million nodes per second, the system speed reached about one billion nps (480 chips). During the 1997 match, the software search extended the search to about 40 plies along the forcing lines, even though the nonextended search reached only about 12 plies.

=Tournaments & Matches=

WCCC 1995
Deep Blue Prototype missed the expected win at the WCCC 1995 by losing the decisive match in round 5 against Fritz after king castling into Fritz's half open g-file.

Kasparov versus Deep Blue
Main article: Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1996

Deep Blue was the first machine to win a chess game against a reigning world champion Garry Kasparov under regular time controls. This first win occurred on February 10, 1996, Game 1. However, Kasparov won three games and drew two of the following games, beating Deep Blue by a score of 4–2.

The Rematch
Main article: Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1997

In 1997 Deep Blue won the rematch against Kasparov. He did not recover after the shock by Deep Blues' play in game 2. Kasparov resigned a possibly drawn position, since he missed a deep tricky perpetual check, while he wrongly was confident the machine would not have blundered to allow him to draw. In the final decisive game 6 Kasparov was rather indisposed and blundered in the early opening.

=The Deep Blue Team=
 * Feng-hsiung Hsu - The man who started the Deep Blue project while still in college
 * Murray Campbell - A former chess champion who works with Deep Blue's evaluation function
 * A. Joseph Hoane - Deep Blue's software engineer
 * C. J. Tan - Senior manager of the Deep Blue development team
 * Jerry Brody - The project's support engineer
 * Joel Benjamin - development team chess consultant, opening book author

=Photos= Deep Blue's core team, Joe Hoane, Feng-hsiung Hsu, and Murray Campbell

=See also=
 * Computer Chess - A Movie
 * The Machine

=Selected Publications=

1995 ...

 * Feng-hsiung Hsu, Murray Campbell, Joe Hoane (1995). Deep Blue System Overview. International Conference on Supercomputing

1996

 * Paul Hsieh (1996). Deep Blue - Deep Thought 2. Computer Chess Reports, Vol 5, No 3+4, pp. 45
 * Tony Marsland (ed.) (1996). The ACM Chess Challenge. pdf from the The Computer History Museum, Courtesy of ACM
 * Tony Marsland (1996). The Future of Computer Chess. ICCA Journal, Vol. 19, No. 1
 * Jos Uiterwijk (1996). The Kasparov - Deep Blue Match. ICCA Journal, Vol. 19, No. 1
 * Yasser Seirawan (1996). The Kasparov - Deep Blue Games. ICCA Journal, Vol. 19, No. 1
 * Hans Berliner (1996). Why did Kasparov Blink? ICCA Journal, Vol. 19, No. 2
 * Toshinori Munakata (1996). Thoughts on Deep Blue vs. Kasparov. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 39, No. 7, pdf

1997

 * Monroe Newborn (1997). Kasparov versus Deep Blue: Computer Chess Comes of Age. Springer
 * Yasser Seirawan, Herbert Simon, Toshinori Munakata (1997). The Implications of Kasparov vs. Deep Blue. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 40, No. 8, pdf hosted from The Computer History Museum
 * Daniel C. Dennet (1997). Can Machines Think? Deep Blue and Beyond. ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 4
 * Thomas Anantharaman (1997). Evaluation Tuning for Computer Chess: Linear Discriminant Methods. ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 4
 * Richard Korf (1997). Does DEEP BLUE use Artificial Intelligence? ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 4
 * Jonathan Schaeffer, Aske Plaat (1997). Kasparov versus Deep Blue: The Rematch. ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 2
 * Tom R. Halfhill (1997). Searching for Deep Blue. BYTE, Vol. 22, No. 07
 * Carol McKenna Hamilton, Sara Hedberg (1997). Modern Masters of an Ancient Game. AI Magazine, Vol. 18, No. 4, pdf
 * Eric Hallsworth (1997). Deep[er] Blue2 vs Gary Kasparov - IBM Challenge - the Re-Match. Selective Search 70, pp. 19, pdf hosted by Mike Watters

AAAI Workshop

 * Robert Morris (ed.) (1997). Deep Blue Versus Kasparov: The Significance for Artificial Intelligence. Technical Report WS-97-04, AAAI Press
 * 1) Richard Korf (1997). Does Deep Blue use AI? Deep Blue versus Kasparov, AAAI Workshop, pdf
 * 2) Robert Levinson, Jeff Wilkinson (1997). Deep Blue is Still an Infant. Deep Blue versus Kasparov, AAAI Workshop
 * 3) Dennis DeCoste (1997). The Future of Chess-Playing Technologies and the Significance of Kasparov Versus deep Blue. Deep Blue versus Kasparov, AAAI Workshop
 * 4) Selmer Bringsjord, Adam Lally (1997). Chess Isn't Tough Enough: Better Games for Mind-Machine Competition. Deep Blue versus Kasparov, AAAI Workshop, pdf
 * 5) Fernand Gobet (1997). Can Deep Blue™ make us happy? Reflections on human and artificial expertise. Deep Blue versus Kasparov, AAAI Workshop, pdf
 * 6) Tony Marsland (1997). The Anatomy of Chess Programs. Deep Blue versus Kasparov, AAAI Workshop, pdf (95)
 * 7) Carl W. Turner (1997). Attributing Intelligence to Humans and Machines: Between the Devil and the Deep Blue, See? Deep Blue versus Kasparov, AAAI Workshop, pdf
 * 8) Tony Marsland, Yngvi Björnsson. (1997). From MiniMax to Manhattan. Deep Blue versus Kasparov, AAAI Workshop, pdf
 * 9) Amol Dattatraya Mali, Amitabha Mukerjee (1997). Modularity Assumptions in Situated Agency. Deep Blue versus Kasparov, AAAI Workshop
 * 10) Cyrus F. Nournai (1997). Multiagent Chess Games. Deep Blue versus Kasparov, AAAI Workshop, pdf
 * 11) Kenneth M. Ford, Patrick J. Hayes (1997). What's Wrong With Hal? Deep Blue versus Kasparov, AAAI Workshop, pdf
 * 12) Franz-Günter Winkler, Johannes Fürnkranz (1997). On Effort in AI Research: A Description Along Two Dimensions. Deep Blue versus Kasparov, AAAI Workshop
 * 13) David Heath, Derek Allum (1997). The Historical Development of Computer Chess and its Impact on Artificial Intelligence. Deep Blue versus Kasparov, AAAI Workshop, pdf

1998 ...

 * Hans Berliner (1998). Review of Monty Newborn: Kasparov versus Deep Blue. pdf
 * Feng-hsiung Hsu (1999). IBM’s Deep Blue Chess Grandmaster Chips. IEEE Micro, Vol. 19, No. 2, pdf
 * Murray Campbell (1999). Knowledge Discovery in Deep Blue. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 42, No. 11
 * Murray Campbell, Joe Hoane, Feng-hsiung Hsu (1999). Search Control Methods in Deep Blue. AAAI Technical Report SS-99-07, pdf, pdf

2000 ...

 * Feng-hsiung Hsu (2001). Ken Thompson and DEEP BLUE. ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 2
 * Gerald Tesauro (2001). Comparison Training of Chess Evaluation Functions. In Johannes Fürnkranz, Miroslav Kubat (eds.) (2001). Machines that learn to play games, 117–130, Nova Science Publishers » Automated Tuning, SCP
 * Murray Campbell, Joe Hoane, Feng-hsiung Hsu (2002). Deep Blue. Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 134, Nos. 1-2
 * Feng-hsiung Hsu (2002). Behind Deep Blue: Building the Computer that Defeated the World Chess Champion. Princeton University Press
 * [[FILE:BehindDeepBlue.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|link=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7342.html]]


 * Monty Newborn (2002). Deep Blue: An Artificial Intelligence Milestone. Springer
 * Brian Bloomfield, Theodore Vurdubakis (2008). IBM's Chess Players: On AI and Its Supplements. The Information Society, Vol. 24, No. 2

2010 ...

 * Monty Newborn (2011). Beyond Deep Blue: Chess in the Stratosphere. Springer
 * [[FILE:bejDeepBlue.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|link=http://www.springer.com/computer/general+issues/book/978-0-85729-340-4]]


 * Garry Kasparov, Mig Greengard (2017). Deep Thinking: Where Machine Intelligence Ends and Human Creativity Begins. PublicAffairs or John Murray

=Forum Posts=

1992 ...

 * IBM Deep Blue by Jens Palsberg, rec.games.chess, December 12, 1992
 * Deep Blue at Copenhagen: PGN games 1 to 8 by Steven J. Edwards, rec.games.chess, March 03, 1993
 * Deep Blue Prototype Copenhagen matches (games and comments) by Feng-hsiung Hsu, rec.games.chess, March 07, 1993
 * Request for Deep Blue Prototype information by Garth E. Courtois Jr., rec.games.chess, March 12, 1993
 * IBM and Deep Blue research by Edward G. Maillet, rec.games.chess, March 28, 1993
 * Judit Polgar at IBM T. J. Watson by Feng-hsiung Hsu, rec.games.chess, August 23, 1993
 * Deep Blue??? PLEASE by Jason M. Rotenberg, rec.games.chess, November 02, 1994

1995 ...
1997 1998
 * Old Deep Blue News -- since we're all parched by Stuart Cracraft, rec.games.chess, January 22, 1995
 * Hongkong results! by Stefan Meyer-Kahlen, rec.games.chess, May 29, 1995 » WCCC 1995
 * WCCC round 5 PGN games by Steven J. Edwards, rec.games.chess, May 30, 1995
 * Deep Thought /WCCC Round 5 vs Fritz by Robert Hyatt, rec.games.chess, May 31, 1995
 * Deep Blue vs Kasparov, and some thoughts on 8th WCCC by Feng-hsiung Hsu, rec.games.chess, June 05, 1995
 * Is Computer Chess A Science? by Dr Nancy's Sweetie, rgcc, February 21, 1996
 * Deep Blue vs Micros by Robert Hyatt, rgcc, February 18, 1997
 * DB Tweaking Between Games by Mike Gherrity, rgcc, May 13, 1997
 * Learning necessary for chess champion? by Mike Gherrity, rgcc, May 16, 1997
 * Deep Blue vs Micros - an interesting result just available by Robert Hyatt, rgcc, May 22, 1997
 * Deep Blue news by Jonathan Schaeffer, CCC, September 23, 1997
 * Deep Blue team to disclose their files by Jack van Rijswijck, CCC, October 20, 1997
 * Meeting M. Campbell and Joe Hoane by Han Schut, rgcc, October 21, 1997
 * LCT II Fin4, Deep Thought, and Deep Blue (was Re: LCT II results...) by Albert Silver, CCC, January 05, 1998 » LCT II
 * Deep Blue eval function tuning technique by Stuart Cracraft, CCC, January 08, 1998 » Automated Tuning
 * Deep Blue-Part I by Keith Ian Price, rgcc, May 1, 1998
 * Deep Blue-Part II by Keith Ian Price, rgcc, May 2, 1998
 * Deep Blue afterthoughts by Ingo Althöfer, CCC, May 09, 1998
 * Deep Blue-Part III by Keith Ian Price, rgcc, May 10, 1998
 * Deep Blue chip talk by David Fotland, CCC, August 19, 1998

2000 ...

 * Nolot Bxh7 and deep thought/deep blue by Vincent Diepeveen, CCC, January 12, 2000 » The Nolot Suite
 * DB NPS (anyone know the position used)? by Chris Carson, CCC, January 25, 2000 » Nodes per Second
 * Wanted: Deep Blue vs. today's top programs recap by Mig Greengard, CCC, August 25, 2001
 * Some facts about Deep Thought / Deep Blue by Erkki Malkamaki, CCC, August 29, 2001
 * Is Deep Blue still considered better than Deep Junior ? by Jorge Pichard, CCC, August 18, 2002 » Deep Junior
 * "Deep Blue ..." in 1995 by Ingo Althöfer, CCC, October 14, 2002
 * DeepBlue && SingularExtensions && !Nullmoving by Vladimir Medvedev, CCC, October 16, 2002 » Singular Extensions, Null Move Pruning
 * deep blue's automatic tuning of evaluation function by Emerson Tan, CCC, March 22, 2003 » Automated Tuning
 * Behind Deep Blue: 3rd print with new Hsu afterword by Jouni Uski, CCC, May 07, 2004
 * Article by Tesauro on Deep Blue's evaluation-tuning by Stuart Cracraft, CCC, July 11, 2004

2005 ...

 * Deep Blue Language by Daniel Marquez Lisboa, CCC, January 11, 2005
 * Kasparov [HBR interview : 'IBM committed a crime against science.'] by José Antônio Fabiano Mendes, CCC, April 26, 2005
 * (Obvious troll) Kasparov vs DB-I was a disaster for human chess by Walter Faxon, CCC, May 06, 2005
 * Robert question, Deep Blue 3.1x by K. Burcham, CCC, September 19, 2005
 * Adjusting weights the Deep Blue way by Tony van Roon-Werten, Winboard Forum, August 29, 2008 » Automated Tuning

2010 ...

 * The blunders in 1995 chess programs, Deep Blue vs fritz by kgburcham, CCC, January 15, 2012
 * Performancerating of Kasparov and Deep Blue in their matches by Jens Bæk Nielsen, CCC, October 11, 2012
 * 24 February 1993 - a disastrous day for Deep Blue by Jens Bæk Nielsen, CCC, February 24, 2013
 * 4 hours video: B Larsen met Deep Blue in 1993 in Copenhagen by Jens Bæk Nielsen, CCC, June 01, 2014

2015 ...

 * New Pictures from Kasparov vs. Deep Blue by Steve Maughan, CCC, February 10, 2016
 * Hash Tables Deep Blue by Gustavo Mallada, CCC, May 18, 2017 » Transposition Table

2020 ...

 * Deep Blue | Down the Rabbit Hole by Anthony Wilson, CCC, November 02, 2020 » Down the Rabbit Hole

=External Links=
 * Deep Blue from Wikipedia
 * Deep Blue Prototype ICGA Tournaments
 * Games at chessgames.com
 * IBM100 - Deep Blue
 * IBM Archives: Deep Blue
 * IBM Research | Kasparov vs. Deep Blue: The Rematch - IBM
 * Challenging the World Champion | Mastering the Game The Computer History Museum
 * Deep Blue screenshot hosted by The Computer History Museum » XBoard
 * Deep Blue II by The Computer History Museum
 * IBM advertisement: Deep Blue Castles hosted by The Computer History Museum

1997

 * "Deep Blue" inspires deep thinking about artificial intelligence by computer scientist by Robert Irion, University of California, Santa Cruz, May 5, 1997
 * Techmate by Garry Kasparov, February 22, 1999, Forbes.com

2000 ...

 * The Week in Chess Magazine: Open Letter from Feng-hsiung Hsu, January 10, 2000
 * ChessBase: Behind Deep Blue (review) by James E. DuBois, ChessBase News, October 13, 2002
 * Von Kemplen's "The Turk" and IBM's "Deep Blue", Conspiracies of a Hidden Human by Garnet Hertz, November 9, 2005
 * A Decade After Kasparov's Defeat, Deep Blue Coder Relives Victory, Interview with Murray Campbell by Robert Andrews, Wired News, November 05, 2007

2010 ...

 * The Man vs. The Machine documentary by Frederic Friedel, ChessBase News, October 26, 2014
 * Komodo 8: Deep Blue revisited (part one) by Albert Silver, ChessBase News, December 26, 2014 » Komodo, Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1997
 * Komodo 8: Deep Blue revisited (part two) by Albert Silver, ChessBase News, December 31, 2014
 * Komodo 8: Deep Blue revisited (part three) by Albert Silver, ChessBase News, January 09, 2015
 * Deep Blue's cheating move by Albert Silver, ChessBase News, February 19, 2015
 * 20 years ago, a computer first beat a chess world champion - 1996-1997 The Kasparov-Deep Blue chess matches by Alex Q. Arbuckle, February 10, 2016
 * Garry Kasparov: Don't fear intelligent machines. Work with them | TED Talk, April 2017
 * Twenty years on from Deep Blue vs Kasparov: how a chess match started the big data revolution by Mark Robert Anderson, The Conversation, May 11, 2017
 * 20 Years after Deep Blue: How AI Has Advanced Since Conquering Chess by Larry Greenemeier, Scientific American, June 2, 2017 » Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1997, Murray Campbell
 * Kasparov on Deep Learning in chess by Frederic Friedel, ChessBase News, December 13, 2017

Videos

 * Chess computer Deep Blue and Bent Larsen in Copenhagen 1993 part 1, YouTube Videos
 * Chess computer Deep Blue and Bent Larsen in Copenhagen 1993 part 2
 * Chess computer Deep Blue and Bent Larsen in Copenhagen 1993 part 3 (final)
 * IBM Research scientist Murray Campbell on Deep Blue, May 11, 2012, YouTube Video


 * Checkmate: Members of IBM’s Deep Blue Team Discuss the World of Computer Chess, June 1, 2013, YouTube Video » Computer Chess - A Movie, Murray Campbell


 * Deep Blue | Down the Rabbit Hole by Fredrik Knudsen, October 30, 2020, YouTube Video


 * Deep Purple - Highway Star, Machine Head (1972), YouTube Video

=References= Up one Level