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Cray X-MP

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'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Hardware]] * Cray X-MP'''

[[FILE:3-2b.LLNL.Cray_Blitz.Nelson-Harry.19XX.L062302003.LLNL.srcl.lg.jpg|border|right|thumb|300px|link=http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-431e1a07bbf20|[[Harry Nelson]] in front of a Cray X-MP <ref>[[Harry Nelson]], co-developer of chess program [[Cray Blitz]], in front of Cray supercomputer, 1983 ca., Courtesy of [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]], [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref> ]]

'''Cray X-MP''',<br/>
a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer supercomputer] designed, manufactured and marketed by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray#Cray_Research_Inc._and_Cray_Computer_Corporation:_1972_to_1996 Cray Research Inc.], announced in 1982 as successor of the [[Cray-1]]. It was the world's fastest computer from 1983 to 1985 <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray_X-MP Cray X-MP from Wikipedia]</ref>. Its principal designer was [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Chen_%28computer_engineer%29 Steve Chen]. The X-MP's main improvement over the Cray-1 was a [[Memory#Shared|shared-memory]], parallel [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_processor vector processor], housing two [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit CPUs] in a mainframe that was nearly identical in outside appearance to the Cray-1. The X-MP CPU had a faster 9.5 nanosecond clock cycle (105 MHz), compared to 12.5 ns for the Cray-1. It was built from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor bipolar] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_array gate array] integrated circuits containing 16 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emitter-coupled_logic emitter-coupled logic gates] each, and was very similar to the Cray-1 CPU in architecture, and object-code compatible <ref> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray_X-MP Cray X-MP from Wikipedia]</ref>. In 1984, improved models of the X-MP were announced, consisting of up to four-processor systems.

=Cray-2=
The '''Cray-2''' was a supercomputer with four vector processors built with emitter-coupled logic starting in 1985. It was the fastest machine in the world when it was released, replacing the Cray X-MP in that spot <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray-2 Cray-2 from Wikipedia]</ref>.
<span id="YMP"></span>
=Cray Y-MP=
X-MP successor '''Cray Y-MP''' was sold by Cray Research from 1988, retained software compatibility with the X-MP, but extended the address registers from 24 to 32 bits. The Y-MP could be equipped with two, four or eight vector processors <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray_Y-MP Cray Y-MP from Wikipedia]</ref>.
<span id="C90"></span>
=Cray C90=
The Cray '''C90''' series (Y-MP C90) was a vector processor supercomputer launched by Cray Research in 1991. The series included the C94, C98 and C916 models with a maximum of four, eight, and 16 processors respectively <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray_C90 Cray C90 from Wikipedia]</ref>.

=Chess Programs=
* [[Cray Blitz]]
* [[Lachex]]

=See also=
* [[Cray-1]]
* [[Cray T3D]]
* [[Cray T3E]]
* [[Dynamic Tree Splitting]]

=Manuals=
* [http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Cray/Cray.X-MP.1985.102646183.pdf The Cray X-MP Series of Computer Systems] (pdf)
* [http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/cray/CAL/2240000B_Prelim_CAL_RefMan_Dec75.pdf CAL Assembly Reference Manual] (pdf)

=Publications=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Chen_%28computer_engineer%29 Steve S. Chen], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dongarra Jack J. Dongarra], [http://dblp.uni-trier.de/pers/hd/h/Hsiung:Christopher_C= Christopher C. Hsiung] ('''1984'''). ''Multiprocessing linear algebra algorithms on the CRAY X-MP-2: Experiences with small granularity''. [http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/jpdc/jpdc1.html#ChenDH84 Journal of Parallel Distributed Computing], Vol. 1, No. 2, [http://www.netlib.org/utk/people/JackDongarra/PAPERS/009_1984_multiprocessing-linear-algebra-algorithms-on-the-cray-x-mp-2.pdf pdf]
* [[Harry Nelson]] ('''1984'''). ''How We Won The Computer Chess World's Championship''. Excerpt from a talk given at he DAS Computer Science Colloquium, [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/3-1%20and%203-2.Nelson-Harry.Cray-Blitz.How_we_won.Jan-1984/Nelson-Harry.Cray-Blitz.How_we_won.Jan-1984.062303020.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]] » [[WCCC 1983]]
* [[Robert Hyatt]] ('''1985'''). ''Parallel Chess on the Cray X-MP/48''. [[ICGA Journal#8_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 2]]
* [[Robert Hyatt]] ('''1988'''). ''A High-Performance Parallel Algorithm to Search Depth-First Game Trees''. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Computer Science, [[University of Alabama at Birmingham]]
* [http://dblp.uni-trier.de/pers/hc/a/August:Melvin_C= Melvin C. August], [http://dblp.uni-trier.de/pers/hc/b/Brost:Gerald_M= Gerald M. Brost], [http://dblp.uni-trier.de/pers/hd/h/Hsiung:Christopher_C= Christopher C. Hsiung], [http://dblp.uni-trier.de/pers/hc/s/Schiffleger:Alan_J= Alan J. Schiffleger] ('''1989'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=58557 Cray X-MP: The Birth of a Supercomputer]''. [[IEEE#Computer|IEEE Computer]], Vol. 22, No. 1
* [[Robert Hyatt]], [[Bruce W. Suter]], [[Harry Nelson]] ('''1989'''). ''A Parallel Alpha-Beta Tree Searching Algorithm''. Parallel Computing, Vol. 10, No. 3.
* [[Robert Hyatt]], [[Harry Nelson]] ('''1990'''). ''[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/130041/ Chess and supercomputers: details about optimizing Cray Blitz]''. [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/mostRecentIssue.jsp?punumber=297 Supercomputing '90], [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/3-2.IEEE/chess_and_supercomputers.hyatt_nelson.062303027.pdf pdf]
* [[Robert Hyatt]] ('''1994'''). ''[http://www.craftychess.com/hyatt/search.html The DTS high-performance parallel tree search algorithm]''.» [[Dynamic Tree Splitting]]
* [[Robert Hyatt]] ('''1997'''). ''[http://www.craftychess.com/hyatt/search.html The Dynamic Tree-Splitting Parallel Search Algorithm]''. [[ICGA Journal#20_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 1]]

=Forum Posts=
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=55521 hardware of Cray Blitz] by [[Leonid Liberman|Leonid]], [[CCC]], June 13, 1999 » [[WCCC 1983]]
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=449945 Cray and supercomputers (kinda long)] by [[Joshua Shriver]], [[CCC]], September 16, 2005
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?topic_view=threads&p=216685&t=23616 Cray Blitz source (Carey)] by [[Robert Hyatt]], [[CCC]], September 10, 2008

=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray_X-MP Cray X-MP from Wikipedia]
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cray_X-MP Category: Cray X-MP - Wikimedia Commons]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray Cray (brand) from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.cray.com/ Cray, the Supercomputer Company | Cray"]
: [http://www.cray.com/company/history Company History | Cray]
* [http://www.craysupercomputers.com/crayXMP.htm Cray Super Computers - Cray XMP]
* [https://www.cisl.ucar.edu/computers/gallery/cray/xmp.jsp CRAY X-MP/48] from [https://www.cisl.ucar.edu/computers/gallery/index.jsp SCD Supercomputer Gallery]
* [http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/cgi/rni/comp-arch.pl?Vect/cray-xmp.html,Vect/cray-xmp.gif,Vect/menu-crx.html High Performance Computer Architectures: A Historical Perspective - The CRAY X-MP]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray-2 Cray-2 from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray_Y-MP Cray Y-MP from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray_C90 Cray C90 from Wikipedia]

=References=
<references />

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